分词

分词是非谓语动词的一种，可分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动和进行，及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成，不及物动词的过去分词仅表示完成。有些过去分词仅表示被动而不表示完成或者说没有一定的时间性。分词主要考查两类分词的区别；分词的时态与语态；分词作状语；分词的逻辑主语等问题。 一、作表语

现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。 e.g. The situation is encouraging. The food smells inviting. The door remained locked. The bottles are broken.

二、作定语

1. 作定语的及物动词分词形式为：v-ing; being + 过去分词；过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用v-ing; 当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。 e.g. He is a promising young man.

The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Tom’s.

2. 作定语的不及物动词分词形式为v-ing和过去分词。V-ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。

e.g. falling leaves fallen leaves boiling water boiled water

3. 现在分词和动名词作定语的区别。一般说来，现在分词作定语表示所修饰的人或物得动作；而动名词则表示所修饰的物得用途。

现在分词 动名词

a waiting car 等待着的车子 a waiting-room 候车室

working people 劳动人民 a working method 工作方法 a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 a sleeping-car 卧铺车

4. 过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别。过去分词表示动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。

e.g. Have you read the novel written by Dickens? He is a man loved and respected by all.

现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生。

e.g. Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students. The building being built is our lab.

5. 单个分词作定语置于被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语置于被修饰的词后面。 e.g. China is a developing country.

The teacher answered all the questions raised by the students.

We know an object weighing 6 kilograms on earth weights 1 kilogram on the moon.

三、作状语

1. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句子中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。

e.g. He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.

Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous university in the United States.

2. 如果作状语的分词带有逻辑主语，即构成独立主格结构。这种结构可以做时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语。

e.g. Mr. Cook being away from home, his wife has to do all the housework. (原因) Work done, they went out to play football. (时间)

More time given, the work can be done much better. (条件)

The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing, the guide acting as interpreter. (方式) The students rushed out of the classroom, each carrying a number of new books under his arm. (伴随)

3. 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时还可由while或when引出。 e.g. Be careful when/while crossing the street.

Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students. The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. 4. 分词的插入成分

一般而言，作状语的分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语应保持一致，但一下短语是常见的插入成分，表示说话者的态度或看法，其逻辑主语是暗指的we或people，它们不受这种语法限制。 generally / frankly / honestly / strictly speaking; judging from / by; considering; supposing; taking sth. into consideration; talking / speaking of等。

e.g. Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such games than girls. Considering everything, John isn’t so bad after all.

四、作宾语补足语

1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等和使役动词have后面的宾补有3种形式，即不带to的动词不定式，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行；过去分词表被动或完成。

e.g. I heard her sing an English song just now.

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song sung many times.

2. leave后接3种形式作宾补时，其中的leave保留了原来之意“留下”，但表达的确切之意应是“使一直处于某种状态”。

leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事 leave sth. undone 留下某事未做 leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做

e.g. It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. The guests left most of the dishes untouched.

We hurried ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 3. 当have、get表示“使”的意思时，后常接下列非谓语动词形式做宾补。 (1) get / have sth. done 使/让某事别人去做

I’ll get / have my bike repaired tomorrow.

此外，have sth. done还有“使遭受”之意

Tom had his leg broken while playing football. (2) have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事

The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.

注：have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。 I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.

(3) have sb. do sth. ; get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事 Mother had me go to the shop and buy some fruit. I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me.

五、分词的时态与语态

过去分词只有v-ed一种形式，现在分词有以下形式： 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

现在分词一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时发生，而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词所表示的动作之前一完成。现在分词的被动式常表示正在进行或刚完成的动作。

e.g. Having written the letter, he went to post it.

Having been translated into Chinese, the book is widely read among young people. The building being built is our new office building.

六、分词的否定式

分词的否定式是在分词前加not，never构成。

e.g. Not knowing his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with him.

七、 with+名词/代词+分词

1. 这种结构也叫with的复合结构，在句中作状语、定语等。用现在分词表示与前面的名词或代词具有主动关系，用过去分词则表示被动关系。

e.g. With all lights turned on, the building looks more beautiful.

With the guide leading the way, we set off on foot into the dark night. The teachers came in with many students.

2. 此结构还可构成“with+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/不定式”，其中不定式表示将来的动作。

e.g. He sleeps with the windows open, even in winter.

With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. With them to help us, we can finish the work ahead of time.

八、对分词用法的一些补充

1. 一些不及物动词的过去分词并不表示被动，而是表示完成。

fallen leaves 落叶 developed country 发达国家 the risen sun 升起的太阳 boiled water 开水

2. 当分词修饰的名词expression，look，face，smile，voice等表示人的情感时，应根据上下文的含义，来确定现在分词还是过去分词。一般以用过去分词为主，除非上下文有特别暗示。

an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音 a puzzling look 令人迷惑的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情

3. 有些分词短语作状语时，其前可用after，before，since，when，while，though，whenever，even if，once，until，on/upon等连词或介词。

e.g. If heated to a high temperature, water will change to vapor.

Before taking the medicine, one ought to study the instruction or follow a doctor’s advice. On being introduced to somebody, a British person often shakes hands. Once seen, it’ll never be forgotten.

4. 用现在分词短语作定语时，要注意分词所表示动作发生的时间。 (1) 分词表示正在进行的动作，变为从句时需用进行时态。

e.g. Come tomorrow and give the application to the man sitting(= who is sitting) at that desk. Tell the children playing(= who are playing) there not to make sa much noise. (2) 分词表示经常性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态，变为从句时用一般时态。 e.g. They lived in a room facing (= that faces) the south.

The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.

5. 分词短语还可以做非限定性定语(相当于一个非限定性定语从句)，这时它和句子其他部分用逗号隔开，常可译成并列句。

e.g. The words, usually dealing with current work, were ,mostly written by him. The book, written in 1957, tells of the struggle of the miners.

分词专项练习

Ⅰ 单项选择

1. the house on fire, he dialed 119.

A. To see B. Seeing C. Having seen D. Being seen

2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth . A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix

3. We're to listen to her voice. It's to hear her sing. A. pleased; pleasing; pleasure B. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure C. pleasing; pleased; a pleasure D. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure 4. a post office, I stopped some stamps.

A. Passed, buying B. Passing, to buy C. Having passed, buy D. Pass, to buy 5. with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. Comparing B. To compare C. Compared D. Having compared 6. Here are some new computer programs for home buildings. A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design

7. a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp. A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved 8. The teacher came into the classroom by his students.

A. following B. to be following C. followed D. having followed. 9. With the money , he couldn't buy any ticket.

A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. has lost

10. There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn't make himself . A. being heard B. hearing C. heard D. hear 11. The result of the test was rather .

A. disappointed B. disappointing C. being disappointed D. disappoint 12. I've never heard the word in spoken English. A. use B. used C. using D. to use

13. how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.

A. Not to know B. Not knowing C. Knowing not D. Not known 14. Deeply , I thanked her again and again.

A. being moving B. moved C. moving D. to be moved 15. With winter on, it's time to buy warm clothes. A. came B. comes C. come D. coming

16. the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building. A. Having shown B. Showing C. Has shown D. Having been shown 17. He went from door to door, waste papers and magazines. A. gathering B. gathered C. gather D. being gathered

18. The student corrected his paper carefully, the professor's suggestions. A. follow B. following C. followed D. being followed 19. The price will save you one dollar for each dozen.

A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces 20. People in the city do not know the pleasure of country life. A. live B. to live C. lived D. living

21. The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his point .

A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood

22. The scientists were waiting to see the problem . A. settle B. settled C. to settle D. settling

23. He reads newspapers every day to keep himself about what's going on in the world. A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed 24. The ground is with leaves.

A. covering, falling B. covered, falling C. covered, fallen D. covering, fallen 25. The old sick lady entered the hospital, her two sons.

A. to support B. supporting C. supported by D. having supported

26. a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly. A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given

27. China is one of the largest countries in the world, 9.6 million square kilometers. A. to cover B. covered C. covers D. covering

28. different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality. A. To produce B. Being produced C. Produced D. Having produced

29. Were you when you saw that wild animal? A. fright B. frightening C. frightened D. frighten

30. He wrote a letter to me that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather. A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed Ⅱ. 用适当的非谓语动词形式填空

1. She caught the student (cheat) in exams.

2. When I got there, I found him (repair) farm tools. 3. When I got there, I found the farm tools (repair). 4. Just then he heard someone (call) for help. 5. He worked so hard that he got his pay . (raise)

6. The missing boys were last seen (play) near the river.

7. His (frighten) expression made his wife __________ (surprise).

8. The workers had the machines (run) all night long to finish the work on time. 9. People in the south have their houses (make of ) bamboo.

10. (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

参考答案

Ⅰ1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.C

11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.D 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.B Ⅱ、1. cheating 2.repairing 3.repaired 4.calling 5.raised 6.playing 7.frightened; surprised 8.running 9.made of 10.lost