个人主义以及集体主义

化。Because we are in a certain degree of local culture, cultural differences in anthropology reading 

when compared potentially of ours culture. 作为美国价值观核心概念的“个人主义”和其他概念一样,在进入汉语语境后也发生了类似鲁鱼亥豕般的意义嬗变,其中既有对异质文化的误读,也有政治意识形态的曲解,以致它原有的价值指向最终萎缩成了一种似是而非的道德评价,这对我们思维方式的日常影响至今仍然如影Individualism lies at lies at 随形。由于东西方文化的差异,东方人难免对“个人主义”产生语义和价值观念的曲解。Individualism lies the very the very core very core of core of American of American culture, American culture, but culture, but it but it has it has come has come to come to mean to mean so mean so many so many things many things and things and to and to contain to contain such contain such controdictions and paradoxes that even to defend it requires that we anlyze it critically. 个人主义是美国Individualism is the core of American culture. 文化的核心。森林里看不见完全相同的两片树叶,地球上也找不到完全相同的两个人。世界上的一切物质或精神的存在不到完全相同的两个人。世界上的一切物质或精神的存在,都是独一无二的。但同样有道理的是都是独一无二的。但同样有道理的是,森林里所有

的树叶依旧是树叶,地球上的每一个人也都属于人类。诞生于西方的国际关系理论饱含着西方的个人主义思地球上的每一个人也都属于人类。诞生于西方的国际关系理论饱含着西方的个人主义思想和线性的思维方式,这种作为其思想内核的个人主义不可避免的限制了国际关系理论的发展及将其作为促进世界各国和平与合作的理论的指导意义。Forest to see the two identical leaves, the earth also find two identical. Everything in the world of matter or spirit, it is unique. But the truth is, there also forest all leaves is still leaves, everyone on earth are human. Born in the western theories of international relations with western individualism ideas and ways of thinking, the linear as its core individualism inevitably restricted the development the development of development of international of international relations international relations theory relations theory and theory and its and its as its as promoting as promoting world promoting world peace world peace and peace and cooperation and cooperation theory significance. significance. ,theory 个人主义和集体主义是理解东西方文化的一个重要因素可以揭示两种文化的主要差异。个人主义和集体主义实际上影响到社会的交往和交流。东西方强调个人主义和集体主义的原则是完全不同的,双方的交流模式、行为和风格也是不同的,缺乏文化差异的意识和了解是引起东西方文化冲突的原因所在。而对个人主义和集体主义的深入了解帮助我们预见不同文化背景下人们的行为方式所在。而对个人主义和集体主义的深入了解帮助我们预见不同文化背景下人们的行为方式,使人们决定和调整自己的方法以确保跨文化交际的成功。因此整自己的方法以确保跨文化交际的成功。因此,个人主义和集体主义被广泛地用于解释人们在行为上的文化差异。对美国的研究离不开对美国个人地位的研究。正如托克维尔所言,个人主义仍然是代表美国传统特征的关键因素,历史学家们将美国的繁荣和民主的建立归因于自力更生的精神和个人主义。而中国的主流哲学是孔子思想,它极其强调集体利益的重要性。简而言之,分析美国的个人主义和中国的集体主义可以揭示两种文化的实质以及两种社会所面临问题的根源。美国个人主义和中国集体主义的对照与分析可以帮助我们更好地了解中美两国的社会和文化,更加有效地避免文化冲突。中美文化差异和文化价值观的不同构成了两国更加有效地避免文化冲突。中美文化差异和文化价值观的不同构成了两国文化冲突的重要因素。一方面文化冲突具有各种表现形式文化冲突的重要因素。一方面文化冲突具有各种表现形式,大多数是由于两国个人主义和集体主义价值观在一定条件下的剧烈碰撞。但是另一方面两国个人主义和集体主义价值观的差异也可促使异质文化取长补短、The 交汇融合。因此研究两国价值观中的美国个人主义和中国集体主义的差异就显得尤为重要。individualism-collectivism dichotomy individualism-collectivism dichotomy is dichotomy is an is an important an important element important element to element to understand to understand the understand the Western the Western and Western and Eastern and Eastern cultures, because it can reveal a major difference between the two cultures. Collectivism and individualism actually affect social interactions and communications. As the principles underlying individualism and individualism and collectivism and collectivism between collectivism between the between the West the West and West and East and East are East are entirely are entirely different, entirely different, the different, the communication the communication patterns, behaviors, and styles between the two sides are also entirely different. A lack of awareness and misinformation are the causes of many cross-cultural conflicts. A deep understanding of the individualism or collectivism or collectivism of collectivism of another of another culture another culture helps culture helps us helps us to us to predict to predict the predict the behaviors the behaviors of behaviors of people of people from people from it from it and it and then and then enable then enable people to decide and adjust their approach to ensure a successful intercultural communication. Therefore the individualism-collectivism dichotomy has been widely used to explain cultural differences in behaviors.In American behaviors.In American study, American study, no concern no concern is concern is more is more centered more centered than centered than that than that with that with the with the status the status of status of individual of individual in individual in America. As described by Tocqueville, individualism remains the key factor to characterize the American tradition. Historians have attributed American prosperity and its promotion of democracy to the spirit of self-reliance and individualism. In the case of China, the core of its mainstream philosophy is the idea of Confucius, which Confucius, which attracts which attracts overwhelming attracts overwhelming importance overwhelming importance to importance to the to the interest the interest of interest of the of the group. the group. In group. In short, In short, analysis short, analysis on analysis on 

American individualism American individualism and individualism and Chinese and Chinese collectivism Chinese collectivism can collectivism can reveal can reveal the reveal the essence the essence of essence of the of the two the two cultures two cultures and cultures and the and the roots of roots of the of the critical the critical problems critical problems encountered problems encountered by encountered by the by the two the two societies. two societies. A societies. A contrast A contrast and contrast and analysis and analysis of analysis of American of American individualism and individualism and Chinese and Chinese collectivism Chinese collectivism can collectivism can help can help us help us understand us understand more understand more about more about American about American and American and Chinese and Chinese 

societies and cultures,to avoid cultural clash more effectively.Cultural difference and different values in America and China constitute factors of cultural clash respectively. On the one hand, the clash of both countries’culture has countries’culture has various has various forms, various forms, and forms, and most and most of most of them of them are them are due are due to due to acute to acute collision acute collision of collision of individualism of individualism and individualism and collectivism in collectivism in a in a certain a certain condition. certain condition. But condition. But on But on the on the other the other hand, other hand, diversity hand, diversity between diversity between cultures between cultures in cultures in America in America and America and China also promotes them to learn from other’s strong points to offset one’s weakness, reconciliation and cooperation. So the research of different values in American individualism and Chinese collectivism has theoretical and realistic significance 

集体主义是社会主义道德的基本原则和社会的主导价值，是社会发展的内在要求和人类创造最大价值效益的要求。历史上，以整体为本位的群体主义作为一种价值规范，贯穿于以儒家学说为主干的整个中国传统文化历史中，是我国的优良传统。伴随着无产阶级解放运动在中国的蓬勃展开，中国人民把马克思主义的集体主义价值观择定为在新时代的主导价值观，既决定于有着深厚文化根源的集体主义道德所具有的历史传承性，同时也是思想发展的逻辑必然趋向所致。集体主义在中国的社会主义建设中发挥了重大作用：推进了我国社会道德水平的进步，造就了一大批社会主义新人；促进了社会物质文明的极大发展与进步。

It is well-known that Collectivism is the basic principle and the leading values of our socialism society. It insists that insists that the that the claims the claims of claims of groups, of groups, associations, groups, associations, or associations, or the or the state the state must state must normally must normally supersede normally supersede the supersede the claims the claims of claims of individuals. Taking the whole as the standard, it had been proved in Chinese history that collectivism can continually raise people’s patriotism, the over-all situation and care about others. We saw collectivism not only as the ultimate moral of society but also the energy for generating productivity. Since the reform and opening policy, along with the diversification of economic sector and transformation to market economy, The social The social values’social values’ multiplication namely multiplication namely has namely has become has become importantly, become importantly, the most the most remarkable most remarkable change. remarkable change. The change. The traditional values, traditional values, the values, the moral the moral outlook moral outlook have outlook have met have met great met great challenge, great challenge, especially challenge, especially collectivism, especially collectivism, which collectivism, which was which was the was the leading value people lost leading value in value in the in the society, the society, has society, has encountered has encountered unprecedented encountered unprecedented impacts .Many unprecedented impacts .Many people lost their lost their moral their moral direction in the market-economy pattern