underestimate vt.
1) think or guess that sth. is smaller, less important etc. than it really is 低估 （某物的大小或重要性等） e.g. To be successful in life, we must neither underestimate nor overestimate our own abilities. 想要获得成功，我们一定不能低估或者高估自己的能力。
2) think that someone has less power or ability than they really have 小看，轻视 e.g. Never underestimate your opponent. 千万不要轻视对手。 Antonym: overestimate
ubiquitous a. (fml) present everywhere 普遍存在的；无处不在的 e.g.
1. Nobody at the time would ever have conceived of the telephone as being a ubiquitous personal 那时人们不会想到电话会成为无处不在的私人物品。
2. Generally, the local people stay up until very late, but they have limited options in spending the night hours besides dining out in the ubiquitous eating centers.
当地人睡觉的时间通常很晚，但这里的夜生活除了无处不在的美食场所外，人们似乎并没有太多的选择。 Word family: ubiquity n. [U]
denim n.
1) [U] thick cotton cloth that is usually blue and is used especially to make jeans 粗斜棉布；劳动布 e.g. She wore pale blue denim shorts and a white denim work shirt.
她穿着一条淡蓝色的斜纹粗棉布短裤，一件白粗布工作服上衣。 2) (pl denims) a pair of trousers made from denim 牛仔裤
e.g. She doesn't wear glasses and at the moment she's wearing a white sweater with blue denims.
她不戴眼镜，此刻正身穿白色毛衣和蓝色牛仔裤。
rebellion n. [C, U] an attempt to remove a government or leader by force; the action or process of resisting authority, control, or convention 反抗；反叛
e.g. 1. The rebellion was soon stamped on by the army. 军队很快平息了叛乱。
2. Too rigid parental control fosters rebellion of children. 父母管教过严会促使子女反抗。
3. This is a typical act of teenage rebellion. 这是一种典型的青少年反抗行为。 Word family: rebel v.
individuality n. [U] the things that make someone or sth. different from all others 个性；特性 e.g.
1. Becoming part of a team should not mean the suppression of individuality. 加入团队并不意味着要压抑个性。
2. Products with emphasis on individual beauty attract customers by their individuality. 强调个性美的产品，以其独特个性吸引顾客。 Word family: individual a.
informal a.
1) relaxed and friendly 随意的；轻松友好的 e.g.
1. Both picnics and barbeques are friendly, informal social events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings.
野餐和烧烤餐都是友好、不拘礼节的社交活动，跟大家提供一个机会，在户外怡人的环境里高高兴兴地就餐。 2. Although Americans are very informal, if you prefer to be more formal in social situations, you may freely act in your own way.
美国人固然不拘礼节，但是你在社交场合中如果愿意守点礼节的话，尽管照你自己的方式做。
2) informal talks or meetings are relaxed, do not involve many people, and do not need to produce an official result（谈话或会议）非正式的
e.g. The president invited him into his private study for an informal chat. 总统邀请他到他私人书房里进行一次非正式的会谈。 Antonym: formal
bust n. [sing] (infml) a period of economic difficulty or depression 经济萧条（不景气）时期 e.g. 1. The boom was followed by the present bust. 经济繁荣后是当前的萧条。
2. Bankers consider the region's diversified economy to be good protection against a possible real estate bust. 银行家们认为地区经济的多样性将是防止可能的房地产萧条时期到来的良好保障。
inescapable a. impossible to avoid or ignore 无法避免的；难免的 e.g.
1. The conflicts of love and marriage, of romance and reality in human life are inescapable. 爱情与婚姻，浪漫与现实的冲突在人类生活中是无法避免的。 2. It is the inescapable duty of management to fire incompetent people. 辞退能力不足的人是管理阶层不可回避的责任。 Antonym: escapable
Word family: escape v. & n.
unsettled a. an unsettled place, situation, or period of time is one in which people feel nervous because things are often changing 不稳定的；动荡的 e.g.
1. Conditions on the stock-market were unsettled. 证券市场的行情不稳定。
2. Our future plans are unsettled; everything is in a state of flux. 我们未来的计划未定，一切都变化莫测。 Antonym: settled
Word family: settle v.
designer
1) n. [C] someone whose job is to decide how to make things or to decide their shape or appearance 设计师 e.g.
1. He is a famous fashion designer. 他是一名著名时装设计师。
2. They brought in an interior designer to suggest color schemes for the house. 他们请来室内设计师提供房子的色彩配置方案。
2) a. (only before noun) designer clothes are made by a famous designer and are usually expensive and fashionable （衣服）
由著名设计师设计的；名贵的
e.g. She is wearing an authentic designer dress. 她穿的是正品名牌女装。 Word family: design v.
swinging a. (infml) exciting and fashionable. This word was used mainly in the 1960s. 时髦放纵的（该词主要用于20世纪60年代） e.g.
1. He led a swinging social life when he was young. 他年轻时过着时髦放纵的社交生活。
2. New York is the place described as the most swinging city in the world. 纽约被描绘是全世界最时髦放纵的城市。 Word family: swing v.
respectability n. [U] the quality of obeying the moral or social standards that are accepted by most people 体面；可敬 e.g.
1. A silk hat, a black coat and a hard white collar are said to be signs of respectability. 据说丝质大礼帽，黑上装和白硬领是体面的标志。 2. The theory has now gained scientific respectability. 该理论现在已经获得了科学上的承认。
Word family: respect v. respectable a.
visible a.
1) able to be seen 看得见的；可见的 e.g.
1. The outline of the mountains was clearly visible. 群山的轮廓清晰可见。
2. These stars are visible to the naked eye. 这些星星是肉眼能看得见的。
2) clear, obvious, or noticeable 清晰的；明显的 e.g. There has been a visible change in his attitude. 他的态度有明显的转变。 Antonym: invisible
hippie n. [C] someone in the 1960s who was opposed to war and the traditional attitudes of society, and who showed this by having long hair and wearing very informal clothes 嬉皮士（20世纪60年代反对战争、反对社会习俗、蓄长发、着奇装异服的人） e.g.
1. As the hippie movement took hold, the natural girl-next-door hair style became popular. Both men and women wore their hair long and loose.
随着嬉皮运动成为主流，自然的邻家女孩发型流行起来。无论是男人还是女人都会留着松散的长发。 2. New age hippies love fashion but do not want to be fashion victims. 新时代嬉皮式喜爱时尚，但是不愿意成为时尚的受害者。
deteriorate vi. become worse 恶化；变坏 e.g.
1. Leather can deteriorate in damp conditions. 皮革受潮可变质。
2. From week to week we could see his health deteriorate. 我们看到他的身体一周一周地恶化。 Word family: deterioration n.
calf n. [C]
1) the thick back part of your leg between your knee and your ankle 腓；小腿肚 e.g. Mr. Smith had a sudden cramp in his left calf. 史密斯先生的左小腿突然抽筋。
2) a young bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year 小牛；牛犊 e.g. Each cow normally produces only one calf at a time. 在一般情况下，一头母牛每次只能产一头牛犊。
exclusively ad. used for emphasizing that sth. is available to or limited to one specific person, thing, or group 仅仅；单独地；专门地 e.g.
1. This special offer has been exclusively designed for readers of this magazine. 这一特价优惠是专为本杂志读者提供的。
2. For several decades thereafter control of infectious disease was based exclusively on the use of antiserums and vaccines. 此后几十年间，传染病全靠抗血清及疫苗来控制。 Antonym: inclusively
punk n. [U] a type of music that developed in the 1970s from rock and roll, consisting of simple tunes played quickly and loudly on electronic instruments and words that often express anger against society 朋克摇滚乐
e.g. I will drop the boy a hint and suggest that he might find it easier to find a job if he got rid of the green punk hair style. 我会暗示那男孩，如果他理掉那绿色的朋克式发型，他也许会发现找工作容易些。
rip vt.
1) tear sth. quickly and with a lot of force 撕破；扯裂；撕裂 e.g.
1. I ripped my stocking on a nail. 一个钉子挂破了我的袜子。
2. The poster had been ripped to pieces. 那张广告画已被撕得粉碎。
2) remove sth. quickly by pulling hard 撕掉；扯掉 e.g. He ripped out a sheet of paper from his notebook. 他从笔记本上撕下一页纸。
studded a.
1) decorated with metal studs 饰有金属饰钉的；缀有饰钉的 e.g. He wore a belt studded with brass nails. 他系了一根饰满铜钉的腰带。
2) covered or filled with a lot of sth. 布满„„的 e.g. The sky was studded with twinkling stars. 天空满布着闪烁的星星。 Word family: stud vt.
restricted a.
1) (~ to) only for the use of or only including particular people or purposes 限制使用的；限于某人（或某种目的）的
e.g. Eligibility for five weeks‟ holiday is restricted to senior management. 只有高级管理人员才有资格享受五周假期。
2) limited in what it is possible to do （活动、能做到的事）有限的，受限制的 e.g. The accident left her with restricted movement in her right leg. 事故造成她右腿行动不便。
backlash n. [C] a strong, negative, and often angry reaction to sth. that has happened, especially a political or social change （尤指对政治或社会变化的）强烈反应 e.g.
1. The management fear a backlash from fans over the team‟s poor performances. 管理层担心球迷会对球队的拙劣表现作出强烈反应。
2. The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women‟s movement. 20世纪70年代妇女运动首次遭遇强烈的抵制。
3. Such a decision may provoke a backlash against the increase of expenditure on armaments. 这样的决定可能会激起对增加军费开支的强烈反对。
anarchy n. [U] a situation in which people are behaving in a way that ignores normal rules and laws, and are unable to be controlled 混乱状态；无序状态 e.g.
1. The classroom was in a constant state of anarchy. 教室里永远是一片混乱。
2. The nation is in danger of falling into anarchy. 那个国家处于陷入无政府状态的危险之中。
glamorous a. attractive and interesting in an exciting and unusual way 极富魅力的；非常吸引人的 e.g.
1. On television she looks so beautiful and glamorous. 她在电视上看起来特别漂亮，魅力四射。
2. Such a glamorous dress seemed out of place in that cheap restaurant. 穿这样华丽的礼服去那家低档饭店，未免有些不合适。 Word family: glamour n. & v.
courageous a. very brave and determined 勇敢的；坚定的 e.g.
1. He was wrong, and courageous enough to admit it. 他错了，但有勇气承认自己错了。
2. A timid person is frightened before a danger, a coward during the time, and a courageous person afterwards. 胆小者在危险之前害怕，懦弱者在危险时害怕，勇者在事后害怕。 Word family: courage n. encourage vt.
lavish
1) a. sth. that is lavish exists, is spent, or is given in a very large amount, especially if it costs a lot of money 极其丰富的；（尤指）奢华的
e.g. The country girl was not used to their lavish mode of living. 这个乡下姑娘不习惯他们奢侈的生活方式。
2) vt. give someone a lot of sth., for example money, love, or attention 慷慨地给予（金钱、爱或关注等） e.g. My mother always lavishes us with attention.
妈妈对我们关怀得无微不至。
frilled a. in sewing and dressmaking, a ruffle or frill is a strip of fabric, lace or ribbon tightly gathered or pleated on one edge and applied to a garment, bedding, or other textile as a form of trimming 饰有褶边的；带饰边的 e.g. She swept him a low curtsy and a dazzling smile and he bowed, one hand on his frilled bosom.
她轻捷地给他一个低低的屈膝礼和一丝娇媚的微笑。他将手放在他穿着饰边衬衣的胸口上鞠了一躬。 Word family: frill n. & v.
empower vt. give someone more control over their life or more power to do sth. 给予（某人）权力；使自主 e.g.
1. The new laws empower the police to search private house. 新的法律使警察得以搜查私人住宅。
2. Modern science and technology empower human beings to control natural forces more effectively. 现代科学技术使人类能更有效地制服自然。
unstable a.
1) an unstable system, situation, or relationship often has serious problems （体制、情况或关系）不稳定的，常出问题的 e.g. Most of the countries in the region have unstable economies. 这个地区大多数国家的经济都不稳定。
2) an unstable person becomes angry or upset often and very suddenly （情绪）多变的，反复无常的 e.g. He is emotionally unstable and has difficulty coping with personal relationships. 他情绪不稳定并且在处理人际关系上有困难的。
bleach vt. cause (a material such as cloth, paper, or hair) to become white or much lighter by a chemical process or by exposure to sunlight 使变白；漂白；使变成淡色 e.g.
1. I have to bleach all my white shirts. They look a little offwhite. 我必须把我所有的白衬衫都漂白一下，它们看起来米黄色。 2. Lisa has been known to bleach her teeth. 据说莉萨漂白过自己的牙齿。
loosely ad.
1) not firmly or tightly 不紧地；宽松地
e.g. Her long black hair hung loosely about her shoulders. 她那长长的黑发松散地飘垂在双肩上。
2) not in an exact or detailed way 不精确地；不严密地 e.g. So far we have used the term “risk” rather loosely.
一直以来，我们对“风险”这一术语的使用都不太严谨。 Word family: loose a. & v.
daring a.
1) new and different in a way that might offend or upset some people 大胆创新的 e.g. The National Aquatic Center called \"water cube” is a daring building. 国家游泳中心“水立方”是一幢设计大胆创新的建筑。 2) brave enough to do dangerous things 大胆的；勇敢的 e.g. Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.
生活，要么是一场大胆的冒险，要么什么都不是。
predominant a.
1) the most common or greatest in number or amount（数量上）占绝大多数的，最普遍的 e.g.
1. the predominant group in society
2. In this painting, the predominant color is black. 这幅画的主色调是黑色。
2) most important or powerful 最重要的；最强大的
e.g. Love of peace is the predominant feeling of many people today. 爱好和平是如今许多人的主导情感。
baggy a. baggy clothes are very loose on your body （衣服）宽松的 e.g.
1. Baggy clothes became popular among the youth in the 1990s. 宽大松垮的衣服于90年代在青年中流行起来。
2. Every art student needs a baggy yellow shirt with big pockets for art classes. 每个艺术系学生都需要一件有大口袋的宽松黄衬衫好上艺术课程。
buttock n. [C] (usu pl) one of the two round parts of your body that you sit on 臀部；屁股 e.g.
1. The baby had an injection in the buttock. 那婴儿屁股上打了一针。
2. He discovered a lump on his buttock yesterday and went to see a doctor. 他昨天发现臀部有个硬块，就去看医生了。
prim a.
1) prim clothes are neat, sensible, and show very little of your body （衣着）端庄的，整洁庄重的 e.g.
1. The little girl was in her prim white dress, with her small submissive face. 小姑娘穿着整洁的白色连衣裙，长着一张温驯的小脸蛋。
2. He wore prim suits with neckties set primly against the collar buttons of his white shirts. 他穿着整洁的外套，领结紧贴着白衬衫领口的钮扣。
1) stiffly formal and respectable; feeling or showing disapproval of anything regarded as improper 拘谨的，古板的；一本正经的
e.g. Our English teacher is a very prim (and proper) lady. 我们英语老师是一位（循规蹈矩）非常古板的女士。 Word family: primly ad.
formal a.
1) formal clothes are the special clothes that people wear at formal occasions, usually a black jacket and trousers for men and a long dress for women（服装）正式场合穿的 e.g. We insist on formal dress for dinner. 我们坚持要求穿正装赴宴。
2) following the correct or suitable official methods 正式的
e.g. Mr. Kelly has lodged a formal complaint against the police. Antonym: informal; casual
skinny a.
1) skinny clothes fit your body very tightly（衣服）紧身的
e.g. The fashion model wears a skinny dress. 那名时装模特穿着一件紧身的连衣裙。
2) very thin, in a way that is not attractive. Someone who is thin in an attractive way is slender or slim 极瘦的；皮包骨头的 e.g. To keep skinny is a trend nowadays. 保持骨感是现今的时尚。
dictate v.
1) influence or control how sth. is done 影响；控制
e.g. Her skills were in such demand that she could dictate her own salary. 她因其技术奇货可居，故可以主宰自己的薪金待遇。
2) tell someone exactly what to do and how to behave 指定；命令
e.g. Don't try to dictate to children; they will obey you better if you ask them politely. 不要对孩子们发号施令，你如果礼貌地要求他们，他们会更听话的。
3) say the words of a document that someone else will write or type for you 口授，让（某人）听写 e.g. The teacher dictated a passage to the class. 老师给全班同学听写一段文章。
Word family: dictation n. dictator n.
index n. [C]
1) (business) a number that shows the price, value, or level of sth. compared with sth. else 指数 e.g. Do you know the price index in the city? 你知道这个城市的物价指数吗？
2) an alphabetical list of sth. such as subjects or names at the back of a book, that shows on which page they are mentioned 索引
e.g. The index is arranged in alphabetical order. 这索引是按字母顺序排列的。
dramatically ad. sudden and surprising or easy to notice 突如其来地；引人注目地 e.g.
1. Accounting and banking have changed dramatically in the light of recent developments in computers. 由于当今计算机的飞速发展，会计和银行业发生了急剧的变化。 2. Infant mortality has been dramatically reduced because of modern medicine. 现代医学使得婴儿死亡率极大地降低了。
Word family: drama n. dramatic a.
crisis n. [C, U] an urgent, difficult, or dangerous situation 危机 e.g.
1. an economic crisis 2. an energy crisis 3. a financial crisis 4. an ecological crisis 5. The Gulf Crisis
6. an environmental crisis
Translate the following into English: 1.我们在危难中总是团结一致。
We always hold together in times of crisis. 2.经济危机给了他们沉重的打击。
The economic crisis dealt them a heavy blow.
3.一场金融危机正在威胁着那个国家。
A financial crisis was hanging over the country. 4.他正处在中年危机之中。 He‟s having a midlife crisis.
boom and bust: a situation in which a country‟s economy regularly goes through periods of success followed by periods of failure 经济繁荣与萧条 e.g.
1. Like the US 2000-2001 boom and bust of tech stocks, the bursting of a major stock bubble can lead to a hard landing of the economy.
就像美国在2000-2001的科技股的繁荣与萧条一样，泡沫破灭可以使得经济硬着陆。
2. Alan Greenspan, often dubbed the second most powerful man in America, is obsessed with balancing the US economy between boom and bust.
被称为美国第二位有权力人物的艾伦·格林斯潘，总是为给美国经济繁荣与萧条寻找平衡而困扰。
name after: give someone or sth. the same name as someone or sth. else, especially the same first name as a member of your family 以„„命名 e.g.
1. I think she should name him Barney after her maternal grandfather. 我觉得她应该以她外公的名字命名孩子叫巴尼。 2. The machine is named after its inventor. 这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的。
prim and proper: very careful about your behaviour and appearance, and easily shocked by what other people do or say 循规蹈矩的，一本正经的 e.g.
1. Those young ladies are much too prim and proper to enjoy such a joke. 那几位年轻女士太拘谨正经，不会喜欢这种笑话。 2. Don‟t invite her to the party. She‟s so prim and proper. 别请她去舞会，她太古板了。
spark off: make sth. happen, especially sth. involving violence or angry feelings 导致，引起，触发（尤其是暴力行为或愤怒的情绪） e.g.
1. Local fighting might spark off a major war. 局部战斗有可能引发一场大规模战争。
2. I don't want to talk to her because it will only spark off a row. 我不想同她说话，因为那只会引起争吵。
Useful Expressions
1. 不变因素 2. 与…相联系 3. 出口到 4. 特殊的重要性 5. 鲜有例外 6. 证券市场（股市） 7. 经济繁荣和萧条
constant factors be associated with export sth to
peculiar significance with (a) few exceptions stock market
economic boom and bust
8. 仍是个迷 9. 总的趋势 10. 风靡全球 11. 仅限于 12. 不冒险 13. 以…命名 14. 特别是 15. 头发染成蓝色 16. 广泛流行 17. 关心，关注 18. 果真，果然 19. 导致，触发
remain a mystery general trend
achieve international currency be restricted to take less risks be named after in particular dye the hair blue gain huge popularity concern oneself with sure enough spark off
Active Reading 2
1. elusive: difficult to find, define or achieve
1) Eric, as elusive as ever, was nowhere to be found. Eric神出鬼没，哪儿都找不着。
2) A solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive in the extreme. 解决有毒废物的问题以证明难以实现。
2. luminous adj. very bright, shining in the dark
1) a square luminous with sunlight 阳光普照的广场 2) a sky luminous with stars 星光灿烂的天空 3) luminous paint发光漆 4) luminous watch夜光表
bright：闪光的，发亮的。最常用。
brilliant: 发亮的，引人注目的。通常指闪烁的光，可引申用。 a brilliant gem 闪烁的宝石 a brilliant smile 明朗的微笑
His face grew brilliant. 他的脸上神采飞扬。
radiant: 发亮的。原指物体本身发光，呈放射性，可引申用。 the radiant sun 光芒四射的太阳 the radiant face 红光满面
luminous: 发光发亮的，颜色鲜亮的。程度上比bright强。也指事物简明易懂。 a luminous statement 清楚明了的陈述 lustrous: 闪光的，有光彩的。常指反射形成的光亮。 lustrous satin 光亮的绸缎
a lustrous silver surface 闪亮的银质表面
3. preside v. to be in charge of something or to be in a position of power
1) The city council is presided over by the mayor.市政会议由市长主持。
2) Who will preside at the committee meeting today? 今天委员会开会谁当主席？
4. stunning adj. very impressive or beautiful
1) These are the houses with stunning views.
2) A couple is admiring the stunning beauty of dotted lake in Canada.
5. disposal n. the process of getting rid of sth
1) funds at our disposal 我们有权处置的基金 2) rubbish readied for disposal 要被弃置的废物 3) a waste disposal unit 废物处理装置
at sb‟s disposal 任某人处理，由某人自行支配
1) He will have a car at his disposal for the whole month.他将有辆汽车归他使用一个月。 2) Well, I‟m at your disposal. 好吧，我听候你的吩咐。
6. suspend v. to hang sth from sth else; to officially stop or delay sth for a time
1) A lamp was suspended from the ceiling. 一盏吊灯悬在天花板上。
2) Production has been suspended while safety checks are carried out. 在进行安全检查期间生产暂停。
suspended animation 人事不省，蛰伏状态 suspended sentence 缓刑 suspender 带袜带，背带 suspense 担心，焦虑；悬念 suspension 暂停，延期
suspension bridge 悬索桥，吊桥
7. negligence n. the failure to give sb/sth enough care or attention；neglected condition or appearance
1) The doctor was sued for medical negligence. 这位医生因为导致医疗事故而被起诉。
2) The accident was caused by negligence on the part of the driver. 事故是由于司机的过失造成的。 3) He dressed with easy negligence. 他穿着大方随便。
8. murky adj. not clear, dark or dirty because of smoke, fog, etc.; not clearly known and suspected of not being honest 浑浊
的，阴暗的，隐晦的，暧昧可疑的
1) She gazed into the murky depths of the water. 她注视着那幽暗的水底。 2) He had a somewhat murky past. 他又一段不清白的过去。
3) The child died of a disease whose causality is murky. 孩子死于一种起因不明的疾病。
9. hard and fast: fixed and not able to be changed
1) At our house there‟s a hard and fast rule against us kids hanging out downtown late at night. We all have to be
home by ten o'clock. And no exceptions, either! 对于我们这些孩子们晚上在市区里和朋友一起玩，我们家有一条不可动摇的规则。我们都得在晚上十点以前回到家里，而且还没有任何例外！
2) That country now has a hard and fast rule against a teacher taking money to raise a student's grade. It's not only
dishonest but it's unfair to all the other students in the class. 那个国家现在有一个严格的规定，禁止老师接受钱来提高一个学生的分数。那样做不仅是不诚实的行为，而且对班上的其他学生来说也是不公平的。
10. wear away: to disappear or make sth disappear, because it has been used or rubbed a lot; (time, vigour, etc.) fade away
1) The inscription on the coin had worn away. 铸在这枚硬币上的文字已经磨平了。
2) She is slowly wearing away; she can‟t last long. 她的体力在慢慢衰竭，活不了多久了。
wear down 变小，变光滑，磨短
Notice how the tread on this tyre has worn down. 注意这轮胎的花纹磨损的程度。 wear off 逐渐消失/停止
The effects of the drug will soon wear off. 这麻醉药品的作用将很快消失。 wear out 磨薄，穿破，用坏
He wore out two pairs of shoes last year. 去年他穿坏了两双鞋。
11. chance upon: to find someone or sth when you did not expect to
1) Henry chanced upon some valuable coins in the attic. 亨利在阁楼里偶然发现了一些有价值的硬币。 2) I chanced upon a very rare book in the flea market. 我在跳蚤市场偶然看到了一本非常罕见的书。
3) Perhaps you might chance upon the dictionary at some old bookstall. 可能你在一些旧书摊偶然会遇到那本词
典。
12．far afield: far away from home; to or in places that are not near 远离家乡；去远方
1) You can hire a car if you want to explore further afield. 假如你想去更远的地方，可以租辆汽车。 2) Journalists came from as far afield as Brazil and South Africa. 新闻记者来自巴西和南非等远方国度。
13. turn out: to develop in a particular way or have a particular result
1) I am sure that it will turn out well in the end. 2) As it turned out, the storm missed Cuba.
3) It turned out that the fans were very angry with their icon.
14. wise to sth: conscious of sth that is happening, esp sth bad
1) The police are finally getting wise to how drug dealers work. 警方终于察觉毒贩的活动方式。 2) They have been wise to a fraud. 他们已识破一项欺诈。
15. play into sb’s hands: to do sth that helps someone you are competing against
1) Quarrelling brothers could only play into the hands of outsiders. 兄弟不和，只能为他人所趁。
2) That would only play into the hands of the reactionaries, not help the reformers. 那仅能予以反动派可乘之机，而
无助于改革派。
Useful Expressions
难觅的珍宝 人形螃蟹
忘记了时间的流逝 耀眼的珍宝
散发出独特的光彩 硬性的的规定 没有棱角
颜色也能道出它们的年龄 在磨石滚筒里抛光 除掉表面的霜花 镶嵌在银器上 用金刚钻打眼 做订单产品 订婚戒指 砂砾海滩
在海水的塑造下呈现各种不同的形状 放在工作室显眼的位置 寻宝地
废物再生的一种形式 补救人类愚蠢行为 过失行为
elusive treasure human crab
lose one‟s sense of time luminous treasure cast a unique glow hard and fast rule have no edge
the colour gives a hint of age polish in a rock tumbler remove the frosted surfaces set sth in silver
pierce with a diamond-tipped drill work mostly to commission engagement ring shingle beach
be shaped differently by the ocean preside over the studio hunting ground a form of recycling
compensate for man‟s folly an act of negligence
宣告了海洋玻璃时代的终结 供货的减少 需求的增加 生意非常兴隆 免费提供······ 拍得很漂亮 人权记录 恢复旧习 熔化的塑料
signal the end of the sea-glass era the decline in supply an increase in demand
produce a boom in the market offer sth for free
photograph sth very well human rights record revive old habit melted plastic
Multiple choice
1. Throughout history, many people have attempted to find the _____ secret to success, but relatively few have actually
done it. a. elusive b. evasive c. illusory d. eloquent
2. It was hard for Cynthia to remain uninvolved with the controversy since she is such a _____ part of the company. a. visibility b. risible c. visible d. visibly
3. \"Officer Clarke, in the best interest of the case, please consider absolutely everything to be at your _____.\" a. dispose b. disposal c. disposing d. disposed
4. The mountain climbers demonstrated a(n) _____ feat of selflessness when they turned around to help an injured stranger. a. advantageous b. gorgeous c. outrageous d. courageous 5. Many movie stars are notorious for wearing excessive amounts of expensive _____. a. jewellery b. jewels c. jewelers d. jewelling
6. Her novel successfully _____ an entire generation of young women to believe they could be whatever they wanted. a. emboldened b. embittered c. empowered d. embroidered
7. I'm not really a _____ of pop culture trends, so can you explain that reference to me? a. flower b. follower c. fellow d. fallowing 8. We just moved into town so we're still a little _____. a. unsettling b. settlers c. settled d. unsettled
9. The movie is fantastic, but you'll need to _____ your disbelief toward the end. a. upend b. suspend c. depend d. misspend 10. Don't _____ Jack's determination to do whatever it takes to win. a. underestimate b. overestimate c. estimate d. misestimate 11. As judge, I _____ over this courtroom and have the final say on all matters. a. preside b. reside c. presume d. resume 12. Please stay back! This is a _____ area! a. constricted b. districted c. restricted d. unrestricted 13. The moon shone down and cast a _____ glow over the entire field. a. luminosity b. luminous c. luminal d. luminously 14. The state dinner is a _____ affair, so please dress appropriately. a. distinctive b. respectable c. dramatic d. formal
15. Stock prices rose _____ after the company publically announced its new product. a. dramatically b. magically c. loosely d. exclusively 16. The colonists began to form a _____ in response to the unfair taxes. a. rebel b. rebellion c. rebellious d. rebelling 17. After striking the iceberg, the ship quickly sank into the _____ depths. a. skinny b. preppy c. murky d. baggy
18. I'm not a good typist, so I find it easier to _____ all of my emails. a. dictate b. elucidate c. explicate d. exacerbate
19. To accommodate increased traffic, city planners are going to expand the _____of the highway. a. length b. height c. depth d. width
20. Let's be proactive and do something instead of just watching the situation _____. a. ameliorate b. collaborate c. deteriorate d. elaborate
acbda cbdba acbda bcadc
Active Reading (1) 时尚五十年
1960 至2010 年间的时装史存在着两个不可忽略或不可低估的不变因素：一是无处不在的牛仔裤，二是女装裙摆的升降。
牛仔裤是用粗斜纹布做的，早在16 世纪末法国就有了这种布料。直到19 世纪中叶，李维·施特劳斯发现在加州淘金热中劳动的矿工很需要用这种耐用布料做成的牛仔裤，他还用铆钉来加固裤子。直到1950 年代，蓝色粗斜纹布做的牛仔裤一直只是流行的工装，但是后来牛仔裤变成了青春、新思想、反叛及个性的标志。1950 年代末，李维·施特劳斯公司开始向欧亚出口蓝色牛仔裤。年轻人趋之若鹜，视其为美国活力四射的、随意的生活方式的象征。
裙摆在这一时期有着特殊的意义。人们时常会注意到，女人的裙摆和经济之间存在一种颇为精确的关联性，且鲜有例外。股市升时裙摆也跟着上升；股市跌时裙摆就跟着下降。在经济繁荣和萧条时期女性到底为什么要多暴露或少暴露双腿至今仍然是个迷。但总的趋势是必定是这样的：每当经济前景不明朗时，男人和女人都倾向于穿比较保守的衣服。
1960 年代时装史上一个最重要的发展就是英国时装设计师玛丽·匡特发明的超短裙。由于匡特在“摇摆伦敦”的中心地带工作，超短裙很快就风行全球。当法国杰出的时装设计师库雷热把超短裙变成一件高级时装时，超短裙得到了人们更多的尊敬。但是，如果只有长筒袜而没有发明裤袜的话，超短裙是不可能在全球流行的，因为裙摆的上升会让人看见长筒袜的袜口。
60 年代中、70 年代初的嬉皮士运动影响了牛仔裤的设计，牛仔裤的裤腿发展成了扩张的“喇叭形”。到了70 年代中期，随着经济的恶化，裙摆降低到了小腿中部和脚踝部，而牛仔裤则不再是清一色的蓝色了。
牛仔裤在朋克时期依然很时髦，裤腿通常有撕裂的口子，并配有铁链及打着装饰钉的皮带。这种样式的牛仔裤延续了几年，但流行的范围越来越小，仅限于内城区的少数年轻人群体，对其他年龄段的群体影响不大。
作为对朋克无政府主义的一种抗拒，新浪漫派是一个主要出现在英国夜总会的时装潮流。这种时装大胆创新、魅力十足：衬衫以皱褶和奢侈为特征，牛仔裤是绝对不可以接受的。
80 年代中期兴起了几种风格各异的服装。“权威装”以雅致的套装为特色，带肩垫的上衣配及膝短裙，受到新近得势的女士的欢迎。毫不奇怪，当经济不稳定的时候，人们不想在穿着上太冒险。男士则流行以电视剧 “迈阿密风云”命名的“迈阿密风云”式样的时装，名牌短外套配时髦的T 恤，留着有型的短胡子——长三、四天的样子。和往常一样，粗斜纹布仍然受到年轻人的欢迎。尤其是重金属音乐迷，爱穿漂白的、撕开裂口的牛仔裤及牛仔衫。 在1987 年全球股市崩盘之前，裙摆也开始逐渐地上升起来。 美国在80 年代末兴起了一种较为保守的风格，称为“学院风”。男士穿拉尔夫·劳伦和布鲁克斯兄弟品牌的经典服装，衣领带纽扣的衬衫、斜纹棉布裤、平底便鞋，脖子上随意系着一件毛衣。他们也穿牛仔裤，但是必须是新的，或者是干净、熨平的牛仔裤，完全不是李维·施特劳斯最初所设想的那种牛仔裤。
90 年代随着世界经济的再次复苏，年轻人的时装也变得更加大胆起来了。靴子、匡威或耐克运动鞋都很流行，但是流行颜色变成了橄榄绿和米灰色。头发要么留得很长，要么是染成蓝色、绿色或红色的短刺头。帽衫、棒球帽及松垮型牛仔裤在街上随处可见。松垮型牛仔裤往往穿得很低，松松垮_垮地挂在臀部上。
2000 年1 月纽约的科技股市崩盘。和往常一样，裙摆也下降了，正如一位评论家所说的，“循规蹈矩、一本正经的式样开始流行了，裙摆必须过膝。” 但仅仅过了一年，股市开始复苏，超短迷你裙又回来了，裙摆比多年以来的都要高。这段时间，除非在工作时，人们通常不穿正式的服装。名牌牛仔裤享有很高的知名度，用传统的粗斜纹布制作，可能还加了点莱卡。由著名服装品牌，如阿玛尼、胡戈·伯斯士及莫斯奇诺剪裁、销售。这些品牌公司以前都只做最优雅的时装。紧身牛仔裤在英国及欧洲大部分地区很流行。裙子的长度不太确定，范围从超短到“理性”——即及膝或刚刚过膝。
有时候，所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够在事情发生之前早早地预告股票牛市和熊市的更替。2007 年9月的纽约时装展展示了2008 年春季流行式样，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，裙摆降至小腿中线，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了，要不就是服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008年9 月，在伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆继续下降。
果然，2008 年秋天金融危机袭击美欧，波及全球，股指急剧下跌。这时，裙摆不再被动地追随股市升跌，而是引领潮流，预示未来的经济趋势了。
在整个这段时期内，时装的风格多种多样，它们的诞生往往起因于人们希望归属于某种亚文化、与之认同的愿望。但是，这个时期不变因素是粗斜纹布和裙摆。影响力最大的当属19 世纪加利福尼亚州的一个服装制造商以及1960 年代工作在“摇摆伦敦”的一位年轻的时装设计师。
Active reading (2)生态珠宝：海洋玻璃
虽然海洋玻璃正在逐渐消失，珠宝设计师吉娜•考恩仍在搜寻这种难觅的珍宝。珠宝设计师吉娜•考恩说，在海滩上搜寻海洋玻璃时，她看起来像人形螃蟹：她低头弯腰，侧着身子随着白色浪花的起伏，完全忘记了时间的流逝。在牛津的她的工作室里，她边吃午饭，边告诉我：“我每次都希望能找到比上次更好的海洋玻璃。几小时后，我会抬起头来，这时才发现偌大的海滩已经空无一人，我的肩膀被晒伤了。”
见过被海水打磨过的玻璃的人都明白，这种玻璃在海里呆上一段时间之后就能奇迹般地由一块普通玻璃变成一颗耀眼的珍宝。把它们拿在手里，你会发现它们每一快都折射出不同的光泽，散发出独特的光彩。
没有什么硬性的的规定说明玻璃碎块要在海水中放多长时间才能被正式称为海洋玻璃，但可以肯定的是，年代越久远，玻璃就越光滑、越奇特。50 岁的考恩解释说：“完美的海洋玻璃没有棱角。它们的棱角经海水多年的拍打已经磨平了，它们也从大块玻璃变成了小巧精美的宝石。玻璃的颜色也能道出它们的年龄，如果你发现红色或琥珀色的海洋玻璃，你找到的可能就是几百年前的玻璃——我们已经不再生产这种玻璃了。”
要制造玻璃珠宝，考恩得先把她找到的海洋玻璃放在磨石滚筒里抛光，除掉玻璃表面的霜花。她把其中一些抛光的玻璃镶在银器上，剩下的或串成珠链，或用金刚钻打眼后用细丝串在一起。
90 年代末，她设计的产品在伦敦的利博提百货店出售。如今，你可能在美术馆里看到她的作品，但是她主要做订单产品，她设计的产品从脚链到订婚戒指无所不包。
在立志成为珠宝商之前，考恩从20 岁到40 岁都从事新闻报道及音乐管理工作。她在祖国南非开普敦的砂砾海滩散步时偶然发现几颗海洋玻璃，并注意到它们在海水的塑造下呈现各种不同的形状。她从此开始收集海洋玻璃，把它们存放在一个大玻璃柜里，放在工作室显眼的位置。尽管她的收藏包括来自遥远的斐济和马略卡岛的珍品，但最令人惊叹的是她在英国沙滩上找到的维多利亚时期的海洋__玻璃藏品。
她最喜欢的寻宝地——也是许多收藏者的寻宝地——是英国达勒姆县的锡厄姆海滩。那儿是维多利亚玻璃厂的所在地，该厂于1921 年关闭。有成千上万公吨的玻璃撒落到海上，并在过去的一个世纪里被海浪打磨抛光，为考恩提供了大量的原材料。
海洋玻璃的产生是废物再生的一种形式，不仅如此，它也是大自然补救人类愚蠢行为的一个例子。 考恩说，“人的过失行为被转变成积极的东西，这真是太好了。”
虽然在19 世纪没有人思考过向大海倾倒玻璃的后果，但这件事最后演变成了一个完美的过程：玻璃最终破碎了，变成了沙子。如今，对玻璃废料的负责任的态度是尽量重新利用废旧玻璃，这确实有很大的好处，但却宣告了海洋玻璃时代的终结。考恩说，“这是一个机遇：海洋玻璃资源最终会枯竭，将来有一天，它们会比钻石还珍贵。” 供货的减少加上需求的增加使海洋玻璃生意非常兴隆。以前人们曾经免费向珠宝商提供自己的收藏，现在它们在EBay 上能卖到成百上千英镑。就连年轻的收藏者也深知它们潜在的价值。最近一位15 岁的女孩把她的收藏卖给考恩，想挣点钱参加学校组织的旅游。考恩说：“我付给她的钱比它的实际价值高多了，她把它拍得很漂亮。”
当人们开始对珠宝的来源提出质疑时，海洋玻璃的生态优点让它们更具吸引力。黄金的提炼会给环境带来损害，它的坏名声以及钻石业的糟糕人权记录给选择变废为宝的珠宝设计者带来了极大的优势。
海洋玻璃的减少似乎让人觉得应该恢复（往海里）倾倒玻璃的旧习，但考恩绝不宽恕这样的做法。“有人跟我说„为什么不往海里倒玻璃以保证未来原材料的供应，或打磨新玻璃让它看上去像旧玻璃？‟这可不是我干的事。这样做会失去神秘感。我喜欢的是。每块海洋玻璃的背后都有一个故事，你可以想象它曾经的样子，它走过的地方以及它的年龄。每个人都会在同一块玻璃上看到不同的故事。”
50 年后，塑料可能是被海浪冲上岸的唯一的东西了，但考恩坚信艺术家会想办法给它们派上用场。她说，“已经有珠宝商开始使用熔化塑料了，人们会找到富有创造性的方法来利用一切现有的资源。”
同时，孩子们会继续抓取海洋战利品，不管它们是否有价值。毕竟它们都是免费的珍宝，就算在傍晚时分你把它放回到海滩上，任海浪把它冲走，也值得去搜寻。
所以，下一次如果你想知道如何充分利用英国沙滩的话，你可以照着考恩的样子做：站在海滩上，摆出螃蟹的姿势，去搜寻那些闪闪发光的鹅卵石，别让它们从你的眼前溜走。
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