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初中名词用法

来源:哗拓教育
名词的用法

一. 名词的分类

名词既表示人或物的名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词。如:Lucy, the Greener, China, the Great Wall, the Great Hall of the people

普通名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词与集合名词。 个体名词:表示个体的人或事物的词。Dictionary, pencil, chair, table, book, bike, ball, dog

集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的词。Family, police, class, group, team 不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。

物质名词:表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词。Rice, glass, water, porridge, paper, air, wook, wool, wheat, steel

抽象名词:表示状态、品质,行为,感情等抽象概念的词。Knowledge, danger, health, life, homework, interest, love 二、可数名词的复数形式

1. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下: 可数名词规则变化如下:

1) 一般情况,加s。 清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音及元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/在d后

读/dz/ cakes days students beds

2) 以-s,-x, -sh, -ch等结尾的词。加-es读/iz/ buses, classes, watches,

3) 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词。 变y为i, 再加-es. 读/z/ babies, cities, countries,

ladies

4) 部分以-f,-fe结尾的词。变-f,-fe为v再加es 读/vz/ leaves, wolves, lives 5) 以-ce,-se, -ze, -ge等结尾的词。加s 读/iz/ faces, oranges

6) 以o结尾的名词,分为有生命的和无生命的。有生命的加es,无生命的加s (黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿) Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes 不规则的变化:

1) 改变单数名词中间的元音字母。 Man-men, woman-women, foot-teet,

mouse-mice, tooth-teeth

2)单复数相同。读音不变。 Fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 3) 后加en, 或ren. Children, oxen

注意:某国人变复数:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 三、不可数名词的的数

不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。应该全从单数意义上推测不可数名词。

表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数。但of后的名词只能用原形。 A piece of apple pi a drop of water two cups of tea

名词所有格讲解及练习

它是名词和代词的一种变化形式,在句中表示与其它词的关系。名词有三个格:主格、宾格和所有格。 一、在名词尾加’s。

主要表示有生命的事物或自然界独一无二的某些空间和时间名词的所有格,the world’s,the sun’s,the earth’s,today’s,yesterday’s等。 1. 单数名词词尾加―’s‖,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加―’s‖。

the boy’s bag men’s room

2. 若名词已有复数词尾又是s ,只加―’‖。 the workers’ struggle

3. 凡不能加―’s‖的名词,都可以用―名词+of +名词‖的结构来表示所有关系。the title of the song

4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词。the barber’s

5. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有’s,则表示―分别有‖;只有一个’s,则表示―共有‖。 John’s and Mary’s room John and Mary’s room 6. 在复合名词或短语中,’s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 a month or two’s absence

7. 作为一个整体的词组,一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s。 an hour and a half’s walk Carol and Charles’ boat 8. 不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。 somebody else’s bag

9. 下列情况可以将 ’s 所有格中的名词省略。

1)名词所有格所修饰的词, 如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。 This notebook is not mine, nor John’s, nor Peter’s. The dictionary isn’t mine, but Jenny’s.

2)名词所有格后面有指地点等的名词时, 有的在习惯上可以省略。 Before Christmas, there were lots of customers at the Richarsons’. the doctor’s(office) my uncle’s(house)

10. 起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用’s。

room number tooth brush

二、另外一种所有格是由介词of加名词构成的名词短语

1.名词的所有格形式除’s外,还可用of+名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。

2. 使用名词所有格须注意: 一般地说, ’s 所有格多用于有生命的东西,of 所有格多用于无生命的东西, 但也有许多例外。 1)表示天体的名词的所有格用’s。 the sun’s heat the moon’s surface 2)表示地区机构的名词的所有格用’s。 the city’s development the government’s plan 3)表示度量与货币价值的所有格用’s。

ten kilometres’ distance 200 dollars’ worth of goods 4)表示―有关……‖非所有关系的用 of 介词短语。 students of the school the statue of liberty

5)表示同位关系的用 of 介词短语。 the city of Pisa 6)表示部分或全部的用 of 介词短语。 the bottom of the sea the majority of people 7)表示抽象概念的用 of 介词短语。 the cost of living the news of success

8)名词本身带有后置修饰语或含有―the + 形容词‖表示一类人,其所有格用介词短语。

the housing problem of the poor

the skills of the workers who have been well trained

of 9)有些表示时间、距离等无生命和表示世界、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以在词尾加’s或― ’ ‖,变成相应的所有格。 five minutes’ walk today’s newspaper 3. 双重所有格

双重所有格即 ― of + 名词’s 所有格‖, 表示整体中的一个或部分。用于修饰of前面的名词,但此时of前面的名词一定要有一个a(an),two,any,some,several,no,few,another或this,that,these,those之类的修饰语(这个修饰语一般不能是one和the)。双重所有格也可由―of+名词性物主代词‖构成, 如:a friend of mine。 Do you know any friends of my husband’s? Two classmates of my sister’s will come to join us.

注:在双重所有格中,用作介词补足成分的所有格的名词必须是确定特指的,而且一般指人。

an old friend of my father’s(=one of my father’s old friends) this lovely baby of my aunt’s 【巩固训练】

1. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______. A. rooms number B. Room number C. Room’s number D. Room numbers

解析 本题应选A。起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用’s。本题房间和号码不是所有关系。

2. The newly-built library is a ______ building.

A. five-storey B. Five storeys C. Five-storey’s D. Five storeys’ D。 3. --- Whose umbrella is it? --- It’s _______.

A. somebody else’s B. Somebody else C. Somebody’s else’s D. Somebody’s else

解析 本题应选A。不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。 4. I feel terribly hot, What’s the _____? A. temperature of room B. Room’s temperature

C. Room temperature D. Temperature of room’s A。

5. _______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. A. The evens B. The Evens’C. The Evenses D. The Evenses’ 解析 本题应选 B。

6.The girl talking to Mary is a friend of ________. A. Mary’s sister B. Mary sister’s

C. Mary’s sister’s D. Sister of Mary’s 本题应选A 7. The woman over there is ______ mother. A. Julia and Shelley’s B. Julia’s and Shelley’s C. Julia and Shelley D. Julia’s and Shelley

解析 本题应选A。那个妇女是单数,是一个人。应该是朱莉娅和谢莉两人共同的母亲。

8. He is very tired. He needs ______.

A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night’s rest D. a rest of night 选C。 9. ---Excuse me,where are _______ offices? ---Over there. A. teacher’s B. teachers’ C. the teacher’s D. the teachers’选D。 10. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes _____round shape into a teardrop shape.

A. of the drop B. the drop’s C. drop of D. drops the 选B

11. Today is September 10th. It’s_____ Day. Let’s go and buy some flowers for our teachers.

A. Teacher B. Teachers’C. the Teachers’ D. Teacher’s解析 本题应选B。 12. We’ll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake? A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s 解析 本题应选B。 13. This is my dress. That one is ____.

A. Mary B. Mary’s C. sister D. mother 解析 本题应选B。 14. The is just around the corner of ____ and you won’t miss it. A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop

解析 本题应选B。 名词作定语可分两种情况,一是名词所有格;二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时,一般直接用名词的单数形式,只有clothes, parents, goods, sports, sales 等少数几个名词必须用复数形式。此处指商店的性质,用单数形式

15. The village is far away from her indeed. It’s ____walk. A. a four hour B. a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’

解析 本题应选D。 冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式:一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词,如果数词大于―1‖,量词要用复数形式,如:a four miles’ journey; 另一种是:a+数词-量词+名词,这时量词要用单数形式。如:a four-mile walk. 易混点:

一. 有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。 Work- a work glass – a glass paper—a paper tea—a tea wood—a wood

Room – a room

二.有不少名词在汉语中是可数的但是在名词中却是不可数的

A piece of news a piece of advice a piece of bread a piece of work a bottle of ink a basket of food a block of ice a pair of glasses a pair of trousers a piece of music

三.有些名词以s结尾却不是复数 Physics maths politics news

四.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。 A five-pound not a six-foot-deep hole a two-metre-long ruler A ten-story-high building a two-inch-thick ditionary a 100-meter race 五.名词复数引起的词义辨析。 1. The girl was washing greens. 2. Our returns are not as good as before 3. Please hand in your papers at once. 4. Mary lost her good looks when she was old. 5. The dam lies in the middle reaches of the river. 6. That is goods train.

7. He was in the blues because of the cold weather. 8. Here are the works of Shakespeare. 9. He always takes pains with his work.

10. They are looking for the head of waters of the river. 六.名词转化为动词的词义辨析

1. Don’t brother me. 2. Don’t sir me. 3. The police finally cornered the theif.

4. They topped the hill at 4pm. 5. The dog nosed the door open. 6. Jim fished the old map out of the box. 7. The old man cupped a hand behind one ear. 8. Tom headed the class in the examination.

9. Tom is now toothing his saw. 10. They cap when they pass the teacher. 11. He mouthed down a piece of cake. 七.同义词辨析 1. family , home与house

Family指家,家庭。可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房;home作家讲,指热人生活居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境,还可指家乡。House有住宅,家之意,强调房屋和居住点。

My family are very kind. He left home for Beijing. They lived in a small house. Tom regards Nanjing as his second home because he has been here for over ten years. 2. job 与work

Job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指零工或短工,work不可数名词,指工作,劳动,努力,用功等 Selling newspapers is his part-time job.

He has been out of work. Li lin wants to be a singer. He thinks it’s an interesting job. 3. Problem 与question

两个名词都表示问题。一般来说problem总是困难的,它可以指社会问题,数学问题,这种问题是有待解决的,与之搭配的动词时slove; question总是疑问,质问,询问想联系。这种问题是有得回答的,常与answer连用。 He asked me some questions. There is no problem that she is honest.

The problem now is that we have lots of questions to ask. 4. Voice, noise与 sound

Voice是嗓音,noise是吵闹音,指不悦耳,不和谐的嘈杂音。Sound指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。

At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the sound of the running water.

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