高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法

高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法

阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。纵观近几年的高考阅读理解试题，干扰项的设置手法一般体现在下列几个方面：

一、以偏概全法

这种方法常用于考查文章主旨大意的备选选项中。一般来讲，四个选项就答案本身来看，往往在短文中均被提及，甚至个个都对。考生此时要特别注意整体与部分及全面与片面的包容性，防止主次不分，以点带面，以偏概全。

例1：NMET2000 C篇59题

The subject discussed in the text is_______.

A. the process of reaching decisions B. the difference between poker and chess

C. the secret of making good business plans D. the value of information in winning games

解析：该题考查的是对这篇文章主旨大意的理解。干扰项B、D均采用“以偏概全”

法。打扑克和下象棋的差异以及获取信息的重要性在短文中都已提到，但都是为全文中心服务的，属于支撑细节，不能当成全文的主题。正确答案为A。

例2：NMET2000 D篇66题

According to the writer of the text, imagining the future

A. serve the interests of the present and future generations

B. enable US to better understand human history

C. help US to improve fanning

D. make life worth living

解析：文中介绍了Olaf Stapledon写了一本名为“First and Last Men”的书。此书的主要内容是谈论人类社会的过去和未来。其中谈到了对未来的设想。为何要谈未来呢?下文提出了两点原因：一是为现在......，一是为子孙……。由此可见A项才是一个全面的概括，而B、C、D项为干扰项，虽在短文中也被提及，但只是部分不是整体，是“点”而非“面”。

二、扩缩范围法

此种方法常用于考查文章事实细节的备选选项中。英语文章为了表达得准确、严密，很注意对范围的限定，有时专门使用了一些界定范围的代词或副词如all，every，about，always，never，completely，altogether等。命题者通过改变或去掉这些特定修饰语使

信息范围、程度等发生细微变化，导致考生误选答案。

例1：NMET2004 A篇56题

What is the purpose of the text ________.

A. To introduce a language school in Japan B. To hire language teachers to work in Japan

C. To describe working conditions in Japan D. To make clear the requirements for Japanese teachers

解析：此题答案为B。干扰项C、D均采用了“扩缩范围”的手法。整体理解后得知，文章不是描述13本的工作条件，而是日本这所学校的工作条件；不是El本对教师的要求，而是这所学校对教师的要求。

例2：About one million years ago, the Ice Age began. The Ice Age was a long period of time in which four great glaciers pushed southwest (1) to cover almost all the upper half of the North America.

As all glaciers do, these great glaciers slid．They pushed down giant trees in their paths and scraped (刮削)the earth of bare soil. Many animals moved farther south to escape. Others stayed and were destroyed.

The last of the great glaciers began its years ago. Its melting formed the Great Lakes. These lakes are today little changed from their early sizes and shapers.(2)

The largest of the North American river system was also influenced by the glaciers. This is the Mississippi-Ohio system. These rivers were miles wide at first. Through the years they settled into their present channels.

From the information in this passage we know that___________.

A. glaciers are destructive

B. all glaciers in the world move southward

C. the Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio system is larger than what it was before the Ice Age

D. the Great Lakes are now smaller than what they were before the Ice Age

解析：此题答案为A。干扰项B、D均采用了“扩缩范围”法。从划线(1)可以看出选项B中的“all”扩大了范围，使表达绝对化。划线(2)的“little”说明几乎没有变化，故选项D错误。

三、望文生义法

这种干扰方法常用于字句理解的备选选项中。考生往往仅凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面意思进行浅层理解，因而忽视了具体语境或一些特定修辞手段。

例如：Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space．The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural(文化的)difference, not an

economic(经济的)one. Knowing your own psychological (心理的)space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child-family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also want to offer separate bedrooms for them.

In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own looms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.

Question：The first sentence in this paragraph “ Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space” mean______.

A. Not two people need exactly the same amount of living space

B. Living space requirements are not always the same

C. The world requires the same amount of living space

D. Nobody needs a required amount of living space

解析：干扰项D运用了“望文生义”法。原因在于将“Not everyone…”理解成完全否定，从而与D项对应。其实它为部分否定，故答案应为B。

四、鱼目混珠法

这种干扰项常以“true”或“false”的类型出现。它常常对文章所陈述的事实细节进行直接或间接转述，其中有局部错误的，有错误理解的，其目的旨在考查考生对部分细节的解读能力。

例如：One common and colorful misbelief is that the familiar garter snake swallows its young to protect them. The habits of this harmless snake are well known in the USA since it usually lives in areas such as parks and gardens. Like all snakes, the garter swallows the whole creatures for food. However, unlike most other common snakes, the garter snake bears its young alive, in liters (一窝) of up to 50. My guess is that our forefathers, observing the garter snakes’ behavior, simply took it as true that the snake had swallowed its little ones in

very day．

Question：Which is TRUE about the garter snake?

A. It eats its young alive

B. It frightens people

C. It is often found in people’S homes

D. It doesn’t lay eggs

解析：此题答案为D。干扰项A运用了“鱼目混珠”法，如果考生没有在深层次上理解文章，而是仅凭文中的部分细节及选项，A与原文的惊人相似，就极易误选答案。

五、偷换概念法

偷换概念也是命题者常采用的设题手法。它通过改变原文的一些词汇或表达方法，巧妙地使干扰项的意思与短文中的意思发生细微或较大的变化。

例如：Who first conceived the idea of the Festival of Hong Kong? To whom did he propose? How did he convince others of the feasibility of such a festival? How was the Festival told to the people of the “Pearl of the Orient.”? Put it in another way: What purpose did the festival serve?

The purpose, as stated in the newspaper, was one; to give Hong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to make young people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment in the grinding work of their daily lives.

Question：The purpose of the Festival of Hong Kong is __________.

A. to furnish newspaper with news

B. to attract tourists from abroad

C. to provide relief for the workers

D. to enable people to realize that life is not all work

解析：该题答案为D。干扰项C运用了“偷换概念”法。通过

对原文“The purpose is to make young people and working

people aware of the need for a bit of fun and enjoyment”中的working people偷换成workers，使范围缩小，意义发生改变。