翻译的标准 （李玉杰） Criteria of Translation Alexander Tytler:
1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同
3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然 Nida
Functional equivalence 功能对等
In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Nida )
（翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息） Yan Fu
Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance信、达、雅 Qian Zhongshu Sublimation 化境 Fu Lei
Similarity in spirit 神似 Lu Xun
Faithfulness and smoothness忠实、通顺 Liu Zhongde
Faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness 信达切 Gu Zhengkun
Polyadic complementary standard 多元互补标准 Chen Hongwei
Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function 意义相符 功能相似
1
-
Equivalence 等值 Equivalent effect等效
Chapter1 （戴越越）
1. 翻译的本质
In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Nida )
By signs involved in it, intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation. (Roman Jakobson)
Translation is in essence during different information exchange and communication. (textbook)
5. 翻译学研究的思维特点
1) Combination of systematic analysis and systematic comprehension 2) Combination of vertical orientation and landscape orientation 3) Combination of accuracy and ambiguity 4) Combination of radiation and convergence 5) Combination of recall and advance
6. 翻译学的学科特点
Translatology is also called Science of Translation or Study of Translation. Translatology is a science to study translation. It is a comprehensive science consisting of general translatology, special translatology and applied translatology. It deals with general laws of translation, studies of translation with special reference to Chinese and English, and methods to apply theories to practice.
8. 新老三论的内容
1). Philosophic Method 2). Horizontal Method 3). Discipline Method
9. 什么是学科方法 翻译中常用的学科方法有？ Different languages have the same structural principal: 1). Consonant + vowel 2). Intonation
3). Extending from concrete to abstract 4). Reasonable word 5). Adj.+N.; Adv.+V. 6). Coordination
7). Shift of perspective 8). Subject + predicate 9). Active and passive 2
-
10). Negative, interrogative, command
Chapter2 （段娟） Association:
4，联想：联想既是译者在接受原文时的一种途径和方法，也是再传播过程中再创造的基础。联想是在一定条件下所产生的对原文文本的一种偏离。但这种偏离又不违背原文文本的整体性意义和底蕴与内涵，往往使译文更生动，形象，更富于创作性。
想象不同于联想，它并不只局限于形象性而是基于原文的总体框架和意蕴，而产生出更大的创造性，它可以使原文的片断变成整体，使部分变成圆满，空缺得到填充，不定得到确定，他是一种创造意识。 5，Functions and status of the original text:
①The original text is the medium of the author and translator. ②Translation is a rewriting of the original text. 8，所谓“权力”，是指一切控制力与支配力
所谓“话语”，这一术语在Foucalt(福柯)那里，早已超出语言学和文艺学中的话语概念。它是“权力”的表现形式，所有权力都是通过话语来实现的。 原因：译者的知识结构，教育背景，经历与经验，都会形成不同于别人的先在结构，他又是以这种先在结构作为基础参与作者对话的，其对话后生成的意义必然不可能完全与他人相同。
12， Multiplicity of translation criteria 信、达、雅 忠实、通顺 神似 化境 等值 等效
Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance Faithfulness and smoothness Similarity in spirit
3
-
Sublimation Equivalence Equivalent effect
可以说，对于翻译活动而言，企图定出一条放之四海而皆准的标准时不可能的。它必须是多元的，它们之间有各自的侧重，又可以互为补充。
Chapter3 （李玢伟）
（1）1. Whatever relation of the two objects is, substitution or association, symbol
does not refer to the object itself, hence the meaning comes out;
2. Symbol has a material form, otherwise, it can not be aware by the receiver; 3. Symbol process includes sender and receiver, that is, a relation of subject and object.
（4）老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第84-85页。 （5）老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第86-87页。
(15) 老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第154，第159-160页。 （这道题我没有勾，但是其他同学勾上了，所以我还是找答案了！）
Chapter 4 （黄先群）（这章老师没有给题目，就总结了一下PPT） Objective Study ---- Meaning Searching
4.1.1 Meaning is the combination of the two(Yizhi and Yiwei). Translation is translating meaning. (Nida)
Meaning is the tie of the subject and object. It is also the tie of man and the world.
Translation is a cross cultural, cross interlingual communicative activity. 4.1.2 Original Text – The Decisive As Well As the Open One P168的四点问题
（1）The language the author used with personal experience and emotional force （2）The distance between the author and the language he used （3）The abstract and ambiguity of the language itself
4
-
（4）Different people, different understanding
4.1.3 Heteronomy of the Text---- the Main Evidence of Translator Literal works contain not only authorythmicity but also heteronomy. Language is a tool of communication. Aspect Features of Literary Text
Ingargen put forward: There are five aspects in the combination of form and contents: (1)Sound (2)Combination of meaningful units(3)Represented object (4)Schematized aspects(5)Metaphysical quality
Prof. Tong Qingbing put forward: There are three aspects in the literary text: (1)Literal discourse(2)Literary image(3)Literary implication 4.3.2 Text of Law and Its Translation The following rules should be followed: 1. Clear in order 2. Accurate in language 3. Serious in writing 4. Formal in style
Text of Advertisement and Its Translation Advertisement has the following functions: Informative function Aesthetic function Expressive function Vocative function
Principle : Similarity in function
Slogan of Advertisement:Literal translation, shift of perspective and imitative translation:
Chapter 5 （孙晓莉）
1． What is power discourse?(P207)
Power discourse theory is put forward by French philosopher Michel Foucault who defined “power” as all the things and concepts that could direct and control people’s ideas and behaviors. And discourse in his theory is far beyond that in linguistics and literature. 5
-
According to him, discourse is the form of power and all power come into effect in the way of discourse, namely, in fact, power refers to the power to deliver a discourse. Restrictions from power discourse:
External Control ------ Society Control/ Ideology Control Internal Control of Languages
2． What functions do context have?
Context has 8 functions: (according to 西桢光正教授 P219) Absolute function Restrictive function Explanatory function Design function
Omission and amplification function Generative function
Transformational function Acquisition function
Chapter 6（易三琴） 1. 翻译主体有哪些责任？ 社会责任social responsibility 学术责任academic responsibility 道德责任moral responsibility
2. 翻译者的主体性在传统翻译研究中为什么不受重视？
因为对于大多数不懂外文的人来说，它们往往把译文文本当作原文文本来读，以为至理，以为指南
3. 主体和客体的关系是什么？在翻译活动中是如何体现的？
主体和客体是一对关系范畴，它们互相规定，彼此依存。 4. 译者的再创造性主要体现在哪几个方面？ “Recreation” mainly embodies the following:
Psychological attention and aesthetic expectation before reading; Recreation and reconstruction of text in the process of reading; Text reconstruction in the process of translation 5. 为什么说译者既有主动的一面又有被动的一面？ 因为它受着外界的制约，也受着客体本身的制约
6
-
Chapter 7 （陈咏梅）
5 语义成分成分分析在翻译活动中起到怎样的作用？（P302-310） Componential Analysis
Word can be divided into sememes which can be called semantic feature or semantic components. This method is called componential analysis.
The function of the componential analysis is to help the translator understand the accurate meaning of words in original text.
Componential analysis is also a good way for checking when translation is done.
Componential analysis is an effective way in doing accurate translation, getting the text fully understood and assuring the quality of translation. Componential analysis is an important step in control activity in translation. 11. 翻译腔的问题应如何看待？(P316-318) Advantages and Disadvantages of Translationese
13. 风格是否可译？在风格翻译中影遵循怎样的原则？（P319-330） Language style refers to language characteristics Chinese: parataxis, topic-prominent language English: hypotaxis, subject-prominent language Parole style is dynamic.
Style translation refers to parole style. Generalized Style and Style in Narrow Sense
Views of generalized style include factors of language style and factors of non-language style.
Views of style in narrow sense include author’s language style and rhetorical style
Subjective Style and Objective Style
Subjective style is also called individual style. Objective style is a general style. System of Style and Translation Principles Style is a systematical structure.
7
-
Other characteristics of system of style: 1. Material feature 2. Entirety 3. Unique 4. Sensible
There are five basic principles in system : 1. Entirety 2. Structure 3. Level 4. Environment 5. Optimization
8
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容