九年级英语Chapter 2 Educational visits Language and writing沈阳牛津版知识精讲.doc

九年级英语Chapter 2 Educational visits Language and writing沈阳

牛津版

【本讲教育信息】

一. 教学内容：

Chapter 2 Educational visits Language and writing （一）本章语法：虚拟语气 （二）写作练习

二. 知识总结与归纳 （一）本章语法：虚拟语气

语气的定义和种类

l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2、语气的种类：

（1）陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is! 多好的天气啊!

（2）祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。

（3）虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！

虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

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条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如:

If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。（事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。）

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下

与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） 主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词

主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词

与将来事实相反：从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 主句 : would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。

l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。

2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn’t （couldn’t） have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会（不可能）考试不及格。

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3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should （would，could，might） go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 （可能）去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。

4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，现在身体就好了。（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在） 5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:

（1）省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come （If he should come）, tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you （If I were you）, I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。

（2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air （If there were not air）, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help （If it hadn’t been for your help） I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。

假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. （If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.） 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。（如果我那天不忙的话，我就……）；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. （If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.） 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。（如果

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我没生病的话，我就会完成……）

6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。

（1）省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自己洗衣服的。（省去了 “If you had wanted to”）（事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）

（1）省去主句（常用以表示愿望）。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!（事实是:祖母已不在世。）；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!（事实是：她已经走了。）

虚拟语气的其他用法

l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在 “It is important （strange，natural，necessary）that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如: It is important that every member （should） inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员都知道这些规则。 2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：

（1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1）表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道）；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用 “had+过去分词”。如: I wish （wished） I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。（实际上已经花掉）；3）表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would+动词原形”。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you

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would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。

（2）在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he （should） answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。 3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法

（1）在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。

（2）由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。

注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。 （3）在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could （might） hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。

4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在 “It is time （that） …”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“该干某事的时候了”。如: It’s （high） time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。 5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

（1）情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好

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别太晚睡觉。

（2）在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。

（3）用“may + 动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

（二）写作练习

P26 Writing A letter of invitation Dear Tammy

I am the secretary of our school’s Junior Geography Club. We meet in Room 7 every Wednesday afternoon at 4.30. We are studying New Zealand this term. Everyone in our club would like to know more about it.

I read your article about New Zealand in our school newspaper. It was very interesting. I am writing now to invite you to give a talk to our club. We would like to hear more about your visit, and see your photographs of New Zealand.

We will have meetings on March 12th, 19th and 26th. I hope you will be able to come on one of those dates. If you can come, please write and let me know which date is best for you.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Wendy Wu

【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）

选择填空

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1. You didn’t let me drive. If we _______ in turn, you_______ so tired. A. drove; didn’t

B. drove; wouldn’t get

D. had driven; wouldn’t have got

C. were driving; wouldn’t get

2. ______, we could not have finished the work on time. A. If they do not help us

B. Was it not for their help D. But for their help

C. Should they offer to help us

3. ______ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Was he leaving

B. If he is leaving

C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves

4. If only I _______ how to operate a computer as you do! A. had known

B. would know C. should know D. knew

5. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________. A. breaks

B. has broken

C. were broken D. had been broken

6. The chairman requested that_______

A. the members studied the problem more carefully B. the problems were more carefully studied C. the problems could be studied with more care D. the members study the problem more carefully

7. If I _______ you, I ______ more attention to English idioms and phrases. A. was; shall pay

B. am; will pay

C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay

8. We cannot imagine what our world ________ like without electric power. A. is

B. will be

C. would be

D. were

9. There was a half smile on his face which suggested that he _______ happy to have given his life for his country.

A. was

B. should be

C. would be

D. were

10. We all agreed to her suggestion that we _______ to the Great Wall for sightseeing. A. will go

B. go

C. shall go

D. should have gone

11. The boy acted ____ he had never lived in Canada before. A. as though

B. even if

C. as

D. since

12. ____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive. A. If he went

B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone

D. Had he gone

13. If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday.

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A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed

14. The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once. A. had brought

B. should have brought C. brought

D. bring

15. I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was

B. were

C. had been

D. should be

16. If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus. A. arrived/would catch

B. arrived/would have caught

D. had arrived/would have caught

C. had arrived/had caught

17. If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him. A. had

B. had had

C. have had

D. would have

18. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting. A. would come

B. came

C. would have come

D. had come

19. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away. A. would be arrested C. be arrested

B. must be arrested D. had to be arrested

20. Jane’s uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer. A. not staying

B. not to stay

C. that he not stay

D. staying not

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试题答案

1. 本句是对过去情况的虚拟。意为：如果我们轮流开车的话，你就不会那么累了。对过去虚拟，if条件句用过去完成式，had driven，主句用wouldn’t have got。选D

2. 选D。 这里是含蓄虚拟语气用法。这句话的意思是：要不是他们帮忙，我们是不会按时完成工作的。

3. 选C。这是考查倒装虚拟语气。原来顺序是：If he were to leave today, 表示对将要发生动作的虚拟，用过去将来时。这话意思是：如果他今天出发的话，那周五就应该到了。 4. If only引导的句子，与wish用法一样，对现在的情况表示虚拟，用过去时。选D。全句意为“要是我像你一样懂得怎样操作计算机就好了。”

5. as if引导状语从句，用一般过去时表示对现在情况的虚拟。选C。全句意为：当把铅笔放到一杯水中时，它看上去好像断了。broken过去分词作状语，表示“断的状态。” 6. suggest, request，order，demand，insist等表示建议，命令，要求，坚持的词后加宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，动词形式为(should)do。选D。

7. 对现在情况虚拟的句子，条件句用一般过去时，be动词要用were，主句用would+动词原形。选D。

8. 本题考查含蓄虚拟结构。without短语相当于一个条件句if our world had no electric power。对现在或将来情况的虚拟，主句用“would+动词原形”。选C。

9. suggest在做“表明，暗示”解释时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。选A。全句意为“他脸上微微的笑容表明他很高兴将自己的生命献给了国家。”

10. 表示“建议”“要求”“命令”等名词后面的主语从句，表语从句及同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为(should)do。题中that we…作suggestion的同位语从句。本句中“我们”还“没有去”，不能用完成式，排除D。选B。

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11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. C 18. C

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20. C

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16. D

17. B