Name/CN Name Writer's Features English Literature Writings / CN Writings Writing's Features The Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness William The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; Sonnets 1. 154 poems; English form Shakespeare a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a 十四行詩 2. The traditional theme of the play is to 威廉.莎士比亞 good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of The Merchant of praise the friendship between Antonio three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); Venice and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a 威尼斯商人 heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, necessity—―The King‘s government must be carried on‖ (在Hamlet and to expose the insatiable greed and 一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的) 哈姆雷特 brutality of the Jew. Many people today (Venus and Adonis维tend to regard the play as a satire of the (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the 纳斯和安东尼斯; The Christians' hypocrisy and their false melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between Rape of Lucrece鲁克standards of friendship and love, their action and mind; Othello‘s inner weakness is made use of by 丽斯受辱记;romantic cunning ways of pursuing worldliness the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to tragicomedies浪漫悲and their unreasoning prejudice against totally give up his power makes himself suffer from 喜剧;Romeo and Jews (Shylock). treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth‘s lust for power stirs Juliet; 3. A man of contemplation rather than up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.) Shakespeare's greatest action; has the qualities of a tragedies are : Hamlet, ―blood-and-thunder‖ thriller and a literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and Othello, King Lear, philosophical exploration of life and truth, and should reflect nature and reality and Macbeth) death John Donne 約翰.鄧恩 John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 the leading figure(代表人物) of the \"metaphysical The Sun Rising school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: 太阳升起 the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Death, Be Not Proud Sonnets 死神，莫骄横（Holy a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes Sonnets） and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than static A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Paradise Lost Christian humanist 失樂園 1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love 2. a bold challenge to the proud Death Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man The Neoclassical Period 1. age: 1660-1798 2. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason 3. features: (1)a furtherance of the Renaissance – the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal education (2)reason, \"eternal truth\education (3)reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism) (4)keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy (5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literature Daniel Defoe A very good story-teller; his sentences are sometimes short, Robinson Crusoe Adventure on a deserted island; depicts 丹尼爾.笛弗 crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which 鲁宾逊漂流记 a hero grows from an inexperienced leave on the reader an impression of casual narration youth onto a shrewd and hardened man; Smooth\\easy\\colloquial\\mostly vernacular a song of courage, wisdom, struggle against the hostile natural environment Jonathan Swift Is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, Gulliver‟s Travels Four places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the 喬納森.斯威特 precise prose; ―proper words in proper places‖ 格列佛遊記 flying island; Houyhnhnm Clear\\simple\\concrete diction\plicated sentence structure\\economy and conciseness of language Henry Fielding First of all the 18th century English novelist to write the Tom Jones 亨利.菲爾丁 \"comic epic in prose\"; the first to give the modern novel its 湯姆.琼斯 structure and style; use the third-person narration; ―Father of the English Novel ‖; ―the just copies of human manners‖ Easy\oured\\familiar\\extremely vivid and vigorous\\ logic and rhythm The Romantic Period 1. age: 1798-1870 2. background: coming along with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution 3. features: (1)contrary with the neoclassicism: emphasize that man have in common, focuses on the special qualities of individual mind (2)tend to probe into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily happenings of the human world (3)employ rural scenery, legendary and mythological, stories of ancient times, figures from country and Orientals (4)produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is an age of poetry (5)the focus of the everyday life of human beings in the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essays William Blake The first important Romantic poet; the spokesman of vevolt; The Chimney 1. indicates the conditions of the 威廉.布萊克 took ―This World‖ as ―a World of Imagination and Vision‖, Sweeper/Songs of exploitation of child labor, which make declaring that ―The Nature of my work is visionary and Innocence religion a consolation; imaginative‖ 扫烟囱的孩子/天真之2. reveals the true nature of religion Plain\\direct\\lyric beauty\\symbolism 歌 which helps bring misery to the poor The Chimney children Sweeper/Songs of Experience 扫烟囱的孩子/經驗之歌 The Tyger老虎 William A ―worshipper of nature‖; a poet in memory of the past, to Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth him, life is a cyclical journey, its beginning finally turns out 抒情歌謠集 威廉.華茲華斯 to be its end; Advocate the writing of the common people in Tintern Abbey ordinary language; the joys and sorrows of the common 丁登寺旁 people are his themes; natural scenery with its beauty and （（I Wandered Lonely mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes, the poor in rural places; reveal the inner workings of individual‘s mind; the seeming simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world; poetry originates from ―emotion recollected in tranquillity‖ Percy Bysshe Shelley 鉑.比.雪萊 Greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound Jane Austen 簡.奧斯汀 Main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships; her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions Delightful and profound The Victorian Period 1. age:1836-1901 2. background: (1)early years: rapid economic development as well as serious social problems (2)the next twenty years: prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness, respectability, modesty domesticity (3)the last three decades: the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values as a Cloud我孤独地漂 泊犹如一片浮云 A vivid picture of a beautiful morning I Composed upon n London; Italian form Westminster Bridge作于西敏寺桥上 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方 The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女） A Song : Men of 1. a war cry calling upon all working England people of England to rise up against 英国人民之歌 their political oppressors and an address Ode to the West Wind to point out to them the intolerable 西風頌 injustice of economic exploitation 2. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring; ―If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?‖ expressed eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality Pride and Prejudice Wave vivid pictures of everyday life of 傲慢與偏見 simple country society 3. idea: (1)Darwin‟s The Origin of Species; The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith (2)Utilitarianism: whether it could promote the material happiness (3)socially conscious writers criticized(2)‘s depreciation of cultural values, cold indifference towards human feeling (4)literature: magnitude and diversity, romantically and realistically 4.critical realist writers: criticized the society, concerned about the fate of common people Charles 1. theme: critical realist writers, criticize: poverty, injustice, Oliver Twist雾都孤兒 the cruelty and hypocrisy of the Dickens hypocrisy, corruptness (The Pickwick Paper; workhouse system and the dark 查尔斯.狄更斯 2. characteristics: David Copperfield; criminal underworld life (1)he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary Domeby and Son; A (2)character portrayal Tale of Two Cities; (3)characters are mostly innocent ,helpless, persecuted child Bleak House; Little characters Dorrit; Hard Times; (4)a mixture of humor and sympathism (pathos) Great Expectations) (5)bizarre figure, horrible The Bronte 1.scene: vast, rough, untouched moorland wilderness Jane Eyre /Charlotte 1.Mr.Rochester and Jane Eyre. Sisters 2. Charlotte‘s works are all about the struggle of an Bronte Rochester: a grim-looking, energetic, 夏治特.布郎帝 individual consciousness towards self-realization, about 簡愛 quick-tempered, but an understanding some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce Wuthering middle-aged man; has a burning spirit longing for love, understanding and a full, happylife. In her Heights/Emily Bronte and a longing to love and be loved; mind, man‘s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin 呼嘯山莊 struggles for recognition of her basic and virtue, good and evil rights and equality as a woman. It‗s an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome 3. (uses flashbacks) Nelly: Catherine‘s old nurse, narrator, told Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant the story George Eliot Pseudonym: Mary Ann Evans Middlemarch A Study a full view of life in a small founder of \"stream of consciousness\of Provincial Life Englishtown struggle. hereditary influences govern human action. 米德爾馬契，外省生concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women lies 活研究 in their very birth(hereditary influences) naturalistic and psychological novel Thomas Hardy 1. evaluation: naturalist (D.H.Lawrance; Theodore Dreiser; Tess of The criticize the society, hypocricy of the 扥馬斯.哈代 George Eliot),also critical realist writer(Dickens) D‘Urbervilles society 2. features: nostalgic(Washington Irving; F.Scott 德伯家的苔丝 naturalism, the misery, poverty Tess Fitzergerald; William Faulkner),also pessimistic (Wessex: The Return suffers intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional of the Nature; The ―Not guessing the cause, there was tells very good stories about very interesting people but Mayor of Casterbridge; nothing to remind him that experience seldom stops to ask why Jude the Obscure) is as to intensity, and not as to duration. 3. naturalism: Darwin‘s idea of \"survival of the fittest\" Tess‘s passing corporeal blight had been (1)man is born with tragic, inevitably bound by his own her mental harvest‖ hereditary traits (2)man proves powerless before fate however he tries, he seldom escapes his doomed destiny The Modern Period 1.background: 1914-1945 (1)natural and social sciences enormously advanced (2)capitalism came into its monopoly stage (3)the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened (4)World War 1 2 broke 2.what ideas influence this period: all kinds of philosophical ideas (1)Karl Marx: scientific socialism (2)Darwin‟s theory of evolution, \"survival of the fittest\" (3)Freud‟s analytical psychology (4)The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence 3.ideas: (1)Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism (2)The French symbolism announced modernism 喬治.艾略特 (3)takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships 4.difference between Modernism and Realism Modernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects (1)Modernism rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of Realism (2)Modernism reflects the source of Realism, i.e. the external, objective, material world (3)Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literature 5.D.H.Lawence‟s works‟ features: (1)he interests in exploring the psychological development, he thinks life impulse is man„s instinct. any conscious oppression will cause distortion of the individual„s personality (2)make a psychological exploration of human relationships, especially those between men and women (3)he emphasizes that it„s capitalist industrialization that turn man into inhuman machines. And the desires for power and money cause the alienation of human relationships 6.John Osborne: \"Look back in Anger\" \"the Angry Young Man\George Bernard 1.idea:against \"art for art‗s sake\Mrs. Warren‟s a play about the economic oppression Shaw purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social Profession of woman 蕭伯納 contradictions and educating common people 华伦夫人的职业 2.works features: problem plays, only one passion: (St. Joan(historical indignation play); The Apple (1)showing one‘s character by the expense of another‘s Cart(political play); (2)inversion, Shaw‘s characters are the representatives of The Doctor‗s ideas, points of view, that shift and alter during the play Dilemma(political the forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but play)) in the operation of the spirit of discourse T.S. Eliot (1)presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the The Love Song of J. 1. dramatic monologue in ironic tone T.S.艾略特 modern western society Alfred Prufrock content:the meditation of an aging (2)reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post war 普魯弗洛克的情歌 young man over the proposing marriage generation. anguish, menace, sterility had been afflicting all theme:the speaker‗s incapability of sensitive members of the postwar generation The Waste Land facing up to love and to life in a sterile (3)concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern upper-class world civilization in which human life has lost its meaning 2. a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry (Lyrical Ballads of Wordsworth) Sons and Lovers儿子contents:ignorant,drunken and brutish 与情人(The Rainbow; father(Mr.Morel),the weary,frustrated Women in Love; Lady mother(Mrs.Morel),the intelligent and Chatterley‗s Lover) ambitious woman,tries to find emotional fulfillment in her sons(Paul).she hopes her sons should never became miners,they will be educated to realize her ideals of success,happiness and social respect.Paul is incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by her mothers love.(distorted relationship) American Literature The Romantic stretches from the end of 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. “the American Renaissance” Period: Writings in the period emphasize upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism. Nathaniel Published Twice-Told Tales / The Scarlet letter; black Young Goodman Everyone possesses some evil secret Hawthorne vision of life and human beings; sin and evil; the wrong Brown 撒尼尔.霍桑 doing of one generation lives into the successive ones; the 年轻小伙子古德曼.布Puritan concept of life is condemned; a master of symbolism 朗 keen psychological analysis\\ambiguity Walt Whitman Poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a There Was a Child The growth of a child /a young growing 沃尔特.惠特曼 new nation; a strong sense of mission; use the poetic ―I‖, Went Forth American speaking in the voice of ―I‖; the triangular relationship: \"I\" 从前有个出门的孩子 Reminds its readers of a photo of the the poet, the subject in the poem, and \"you\" the reader; free Cavalry Crossing a American Civil War verse; different thins would mean a different wave of feeling Ford Universality, singularity and equality Openness\\freedom\\individualism\\conversational and 涉水过河的骑兵队 casual\\simple even crude Song of Myself (4)reflects the 20th century people‗s disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring world D.H.Lawrence Express a strong reaction against the mechanical 戴維.赫伯特.勞civilization; one of the first novelists to introduce themes of 倫斯 psychology into his work; believe that the healthy way of the individual‘s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse; make a deliberate use of the ―four-letter‖ words in his novels; declare that any repression of the sexual impulse based social, religious, or moral values of the civilized world would cause severe damages to the harmony of human relationships and psychic health of the individual‘s personality Herman Melville A master of allegory and symbolism 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔 自我之歌 Moby Dick 白鲸 The first American prose epic;a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology; Moby Dick symbolizes nature; Ahab -- a tragic hero, becoming evil himself in his thirst to destroy evil. The Realistic Period 1865-1914 1. background: the Civil War affected both the social and the value system (1)transformed from an agricultural one to an industrialized and commercialized one (2)stimulated technological development (3)stepped up urbanization (4)people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of God The Gilded Age 2. American Realistic Period and English Realistic Period(Victorian Period) common ground (1)a great interest in the realities of life, aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life (2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of class struggle (3)common people mostly depicted differences(America) (1)native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces (2)perfect the dialect style (3)concern about \"local colorism\3. American Naturalism: influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory (1)accept the more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those characters in literary works (2)inherited qualities, and habits confined by social forces are depicted (3)theme: human \"bestiality\(4)unpolished language (5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control (6)material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty (7)naturalism is evolved from realism. Author's tone in writing is less serious and sympathetic, more ironic and pessimistic Mark Twain 1. \"The true father of our national literature\"; \"damned The Adventure of From which \"all modern American 马克.吐温 human race\" Huckleberry Finn literature comes\"; the milestone in 2. features: 哈克贝利.费恩历险记 American literature; the books are noted (1)paid more attention to the \"life\" of the Americans (The Adventure of for their unpretentious, colloquial yet (2)preferred to have his own region and people in his stories, Tom Sawyar) poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, i.e. \"local colorism\" with the eventual and their universally shared dream of (3)concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region victory of his moral perfect innocence and freedom conscience over his The climax is Huck‗s inner struggle on social awareness, Huck the Mississippi,between his affection grows for Jim and the laws,finally he follows (Life on the his own good-hearted morality rather Mississippi; The than the conventional village one Celebrated Jumping Huckleberry Finn: a typical American Frog of Calaveras boy with \"a sound heart and a deformed County; Innocents conscience\Abroad; The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg) Henry James 1. The first American writer to conceive his career in Daisy Miller Daisy Miller – the American Girl in 亨利.詹姆斯 international terms 苔瑟.米勒 Europe, embody the spirit of the New 2. evaluation: influenced by Freud, pioneer of World \"stream-of-consciousness\narrator:Frederick Winterbourne realism; laid a greater emphasis on the ―inner world‖ of Daisy Miller:Freedom an man; individuality,innocent,a pretty 3. The Portrait of A Lady is generally considered to be his American Flirt masterpiece; 4. highly refined and insightful Emily 1. works features: This is my letter to the Anxiety about communication with the Dickinson (1)she uses a particular rhyme pattern,uses dashes and World outside world; 艾米丽.狄金森 captical letters as a means of emphasis 这是我给世界写的信 A description of the moment of death; (2)simplicity and plainness I heard a Fly buzz – Animalizing train as part of nature; (3)focus on a single image or symbol When I died我死时听 (4)poems are personal and meditative 到苍蝇的嗡嗡声 Personifies death and immorality, three (5)personification I like to see it lap the stages of life: youth, mature period, end 2. idea: skeptical about the relationship between man and Miles of life nature, concerns religion, death, immortality, love, nature 我喜欢看见它拍击许3. She called this stream of tiny, aphoristic poems a 多英里 continuous fragmented ―letter to the world,‖ a way to bridge Because I could not and the lower-class people (4)nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes (5)skillfully used the colloquialism, the language is simple, direct ,faithful. protagnists spoke in vernacular, both realistically and symbolically (6)his humor is remarkable, his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism her private world with the public stop for Death因为我4. her poetry despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is 不能停下来等待死神 remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness Theodore 1. idea: naturalist Sister Carrie Project the American value – Dreiser (1)heredity and environment are the forces determining 嘉莉妹妹 materialistic; 西奥多.德莱塞 man‗s destiny, under what life was ironic, even tragic (trilogy: The Financier; (2)human beings' life was trapped into‘a welter of The Titan; The Stoic inscrutable forces‗ greatest work:An (3)Darwin's idea of \"survival of the fittest\" is embodied as American Tragedy) \"kill or to be killed\" in Dreiser‗s works (4)explain the insignificance of life and attack the conventional moral standards (5)materialism is the core. man has a meaningless, endless search for satisfaction of his desires, desires for money (6)sex is another human desire sexual beauty symbolizes the social status 2. features: lack of concision, more inclusive and less selective The Modern Period: 1.age: second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th century 2.background: (1)the U.S. has become the most powerful country (2)technological revolution (3)a decline in moral standard, a spiritual wasteland, feelings of fear, loss, disorientation and disillusionment 3. influencing ideas: (1)the same as English Modern period: Karl Marx, Darwin, Freud (2)stream of consciousness: 4.\"The Lost Generation\" by Gertrud the second American Renaissance – the expatriate movement 5. John Steinbeck: \"The Grapes of Wrath\" Allen Ginsberg: \"Howl\Salinger: \"The Catcher in the Rye\" 6. modernism's features: literature: convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay writer: develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation 7.The differences between Modernism America and England (1)American writers emphasize the concrete sensory images or details as the direct conveyor of experience (2)modern fiction employ the first narration or confine the reader to the \"central consciousness\" or one character„s point of view common ground: directness, compression, vividness, sparing of words Ezra Pound a leading spokesman of the \"Imagist movement: In a Station of The 1. One-image poem; a modern adoption 埃兹拉.庞德 (1)direct treatment of poetic subjects Metro of the Japanese haiku (2)eliminate ornamental words 在地铁站 2. an adaption from the Chinese of Li (3)rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical The River-Merchant‘s Po named Rihaku in Japaness phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome Wife: A Letter 船商的妻子：一封信 3. Some agreement between A pact(free verse) \"Whitmanesque\" free verse 合同 Robert Lee The Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasions; a serious poet After Apple-Picking 1. a man's best efforts ever satisfy God? Frost idea: a momentary stay against confusion, like Wordsworth 摘了苹果之后 2. uncertainty of the speaker‗s choice 罗伯特.李.弗罗profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain The Road Not Taken between safety and 斯特 language and the simple form; combined traditional verse 没有走的路 unknown(meditative) forms with a clear American local speech rhythm; semi-free Stopping by Woods on took the one less travelled by and that or semi-conventional a Snowy Evening has made all the difference 雪夜林边逗留 Eugene O‘Neill Is unquestionably American's greatest playwright; won the 毛猿 concerns the problem of modern man尤金.奥尼尔 Pulitzer Prize four times; the only dramatist ever to win a The Hairy Ape ‘s position. Yank‗s sense of belonging Nobel Prize; founder of the American drama nowhere is a typical of the mood of Characters seek meaning and purpose in their lives through isolation and alienation in the early love or religion or revenge. The result is disappointment or twentieth century in the US and the despair. Use Expressionism; Dialect, spell words indicate a whole world as well. particular accent or manner of speech F.Scott both an insider and outsider of the Jazz Age; a great stylist; 了不起的盖茨比 narrator: Nick Carraway Fitzgerald using the scenic method; accurate detail The Great Gatsby symbolic of an obscenely futile world 菲茨杰拉德 Ernest A Nobel Prize winner for literature Indian Camp(In Our (1)a wounded hero confronts all the Hamingway 1. Hemingway hero Times) difficulties of the situation with his 欧内斯特.海明\"grace under pressure\" 印第安营寨 dignity and courage. 威 he is with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint. man (The Sun Also (2)a group of wandering, amusing and always fights a losing battle of life,but never lose dignity. Rises-The Lost aimless people caught in the war. man can be physically destroyed, but never defeated Generation) (3)man suffers both physically and spiritually (A Farewell to mentally, and is doomed to suffer, refute 2. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only Arms-Frederick God‗s kindness to man. one-eighth of it being above water Henry) (4)proves life's worth and there are 3.colloquialism (Mark Twain)(short ,simple, conventional (For Whom the Bell causes worth dying for. words) Tolls-Robert Jordan) (5)show great respect for the struggle of (The Old Man and the mankind against unconquerable natural Sea-Santiago) forces,though only a partial victoy is (The Undefeated) possible. (6)man of courage,and masculinity and inflexible heroism. William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 1. ground: American South, Northern Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha County 2. theme: almost all his heroes are tragic (1)they are prisoners of the past or of the society,or of some social and moral taboos, or of their own personalities (2)society conditions man with its laws and institutions and eliminates man‗s chance of responding naturally to the experiences of his existence (3)man tries to explain the incomprehensible by turning away from reality, but becomes weak, cowardly and confused(Emily-coward) 3. nostalgic in The Sound and The Fury 4. works‘ features: (1)use of narrative techniques is remarkable, let the characters explain themselves, the reader experiences the work of art directly (interior monologue) (2)breaks up chronology, juxtaposes the past with the present (3)stream of consciousness (4)inner musings of the narrator (5)good at presenting multiple points of view 纪念艾米丽的一朵玫(Gothic devices) 瑰花 Emily: the symbols of the Old South, A Rose For Emily the prisoners of the past. An eccentric (The Sound and The spinster. She refuses the inevitable Fury; Light in August; changes and loss with the pass of time Absalom,Absalom!; Go Down,Moses; The Marble Faun; Soldiers‗ Pay; As I Lay Dying; Wild Palms; The Hamlet; Intruder in the Dust(Nobel Prize); The Bear; Requiem for a Nun; The Fable; The Town; The Mansion)