Chinese speakers
Vowels
ˆ (ship) confused with i… (sheep) æ (man) confused with √ (cup) or å… (heart) e (pen) confused with æ (man) ¨ (book) confused with u… (boot) Å (clock) confused with ø… (ball) eˆ (tail) common error e
W¨ (phone) common error Å (clock)
Consonants
Great difficulty with groups of consonants, especially finally, where one or more may be dropped.
l confused with r z may be pronounced s especially finally ß (shoe) confused with s especially before i… (sheep), or may sound like h v confused with w n (not present in some dialects) common error l † (thin) ∂ (feather)
b pronounced p finally d pronounced t finally ˝ pronounced k finally h common error x (loch) dΩ (jam) has a different quality tß (cherry) has a different quality ß (shoe) has a different quality
Final consonant may be dropped especially after (tail) or (phone) or other diphthongs.
Intonation
An area of difficulty. All intonation exercises will be useful, especially those that practice a falling tune or express emotion.
© Cambridge University Press
Stress and rhythm
Sounds staccato. Joining word exercises will be useful.
Mandarin speakers
Vowels
ˆ (ship) common error i… (sheep) e (pen) confused with \\ (a camera) æ (man) confused with å… (heart) √ (cup) common error å… (heart) Å (clock) common error å… (heart) ø… (ball) may also be pronounced å… (heart) u… (boot) confused with ¨ (book) ±… (girl) different quality
W¨ (phone) may be pronounced a¨ (house) aˆ øˆ different quality a¨
Consonants
Final consonants may be dropped especially after diphthongs.
Great difficulty with groups of consonants, where one or more may be dropped, especially finally. l confused with r
n confused with l l (ball) may be dropped or pronounced n z common error dz or ts
Ω (television) confused with ß (shoe) or tß (cherry) ß (shoe) confused with s especially before i… or may sound close to h w confused with v or f h sounds close to x (loch) ˜ (ring) may be confused with n b pronounced p finally d pronounced t finally g pronounced k finally
© Cambridge University Press
Intonation
All intonation exercises will be useful.
Stress and rhythm
Sounds staccato. Joining word exercises may be useful. Word stress exercises will be useful.
Cantonese speakers
Vowels
ˆ (ship) confused with i… (sheep) ¨ (book) confused with u… (boot) æ (man) confused with e (pen) or å… (heart) √ (cup) confused with å… (heart) ø… (ball) confused with Å (clock) u… (boot) confused with ¨ (book) ±… (girl) has a different quality W (a camera) pronounced as spelling
W¨ (phone) confused with a¨ (house) or Å (clock) eˆ (tail) common error e (pen) aˆ øˆ different quality a¨
Consonants
Great difficulty with groups of consonants, especially finally where one or more may be dropped. Final consonants dropped, especially after diphthongs. Sometimes t is substituted for other final sounds. l confused with r n (nose) confused with l l (ball) may be dropped or pronounced n v (van) confused with w (window) z (zoo) common error s ß (shoe) may be confused with tß Ω (television) may be confused with ß f has a different quality
© Cambridge University Press
w confused with v or f † (thin) common error s or f ∂ (feather) common error d or dz r pronounced where normally silent ˜ may be confused with n
Intonation
All intonation exercises will be useful, especially those practising polite and friendly intonation. Cantonese intonation is spoken with great energy. Cantonese speakers may sound angry in English.
Stress and rhythm
Sounds staccato. Joining word exercises useful.
Cantonese students may stress the final syllable. Word stress exercises may be useful.
© Cambridge University Press
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