英语专业四级考试（写作的答题技巧和应对方法+阅读理解答题方法+语法和词汇答题方法和复习+完形填空答题方法）+40个难倒英语专业学生的句子+2010专四考试时间
写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。
短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：
1. 审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。
2. 组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。
3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。
关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟； 起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。
最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。
便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。
这一部分包括普通阅读和快速阅读两部分。普通阅读有数篇短文，共1500词左右，要求读懂英美国家出版的中等难度的文章，掌握主旨大意及细节，并能够进行推论，理解上下文的逻辑关系。快速阅读要求在5分钟内速读900词左右的中等难度的文章，掌握大意及细节。
专业英语阅读考试特别强调考生的阅读速度，要提高阅读速度，正确的阅读方法是问题的关键。下面我们介绍一下正确的阅读方法和技巧。
(1.) 略读
略读(skimming)是常用的阅读方法之一，其主要特征是选择性地阅读。通常的阅读要求看到每一个词，每次注目看１－２个词。略读不需要看清每一个词，对眼睛跳动的频率和幅度的要求都较高，有时甚至从上一行跳到下一行。略读不可能使你对所读内容全部了解，但是你能大大地提高阅读速度，也能获得大量的信息。
略读的主要作用是了解文章的大意。经过略读之后，你对所读内容已经有了大致的了解，再仔细阅读，这时你的印象会更深刻，理解更透彻。
大部分读者不需要正规的训练和指导就可以进行略读。但是有意识地训练会大大地提高你的略读速度和效率。进行略读训练的最简单的方法是强迫自己在规定的时间内读完某一篇，开始训练时，可以把略读速度定为平常阅读的5/4倍，以后逐步提高。略读的关键是增加眼跳的幅度，高度集中注意力，努力捕捉那些能引起注意或者你认为重要的内容。 (2.)扫读
扫读（scanning）是以最快的速度扫视所读材料，在找到所需信息时才仔细阅读该项内容。如查找某个人名、地名、时间、地点等，也即在寻找特定信息、寻找具体事实、寻找答题所需内容时都用得着这种方法。
(3.) 研读
研读（study reading）就是仔细阅读，对文章有透彻深刻理解。根据考题，运用上下文、逻辑关系、背景知识进行判断和推论。对难句的理解和翻译用得着这种方法。
提高阅读速度的一个重要内容是扩大词汇量。其必要性表现在以下几个方面：
1） 词汇量决定了你的阅读理解能力，词汇量越大，你阅读得越广，视野就越开阔，你阅读理解的得分就越高。
2） 有限的词汇量必然会影响你阅读理解能力的提高。生词的含义只有在上下文中才能完全展现出来，并易于被识记、理解、掌握。换句话说，是上下文给某个词以特定含义，而这个特定含义往往是字典无法提供的。有的人或许会说，我们从中学到大学英语词汇都是通过背生词表来记单词的。但是这样说的读者忽视了很重要的一点：所学课文后面的词汇表都是为课文服务的，而且，教师课上对某些词或表达方式所举的实例，实质上是为它们设置上下文。不少教师鼓励学生背句子、段落、或整篇文章，都是出于同一目的，即：要学生在上下文中理解并掌握词汇和短语。
3）多读是扩大词汇量的很好的方法。不仅要读不同体裁的书和文章，而且要多接触不同题材，才能适应考试的需要。
下边我们谈谈怎样解决TEM4中的阅读问题。
1 找出段落的中心思想
任何阅读材料都有主要意思，即大意(main idea)。文字材料的大意有不同的层次。一个比较长的句子可以说很多事情，但一般只有一个大意，可以用几个词概括；一个段落包括很多句子，但也只有一个大意，通常是段落的主题句(topic sentence)包含段落的大意。通常人们说―大意‖指的是整篇材料的中心思想。
非小说体的阅读材料通常有比较明显的大意，其结构也比较清楚。文章的开头部分(introduction)就比较明确地指出文章的中心思想。文章主体部分的每一段也有主题句，通常在段首或段尾。文章的结尾还要对全文作一个总的概括。
为了找出段落的中心思想，读者应该在了解上下文的基础上，寻求作者对生活所做出的直接或间接的评论。这些评论有时作者直接说出，有时隐含在篇章中，有时通过他人说出。为了便于找出作品的中心思想，阅读中你可以考虑以下问题：
１）作品是否表明了有关社会生活的某种重要的东西？它是否帮助你形成新的生活观？
２）作品是否表明了某个普遍真理？
３）你同意作品的中心思想或作者的观点吗？
2. 如何对待阅读中的词汇问题
阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词。大纲中规定允许有3%的生词，也就是说2000个词中允许有60左右的生词，但一般不会有这么多的生词。有的人一遇到生词就停下来查字典，有的则读完一两页后查字典，有的人则完全不管生词。其实阅读中遇到生词只要不影响你对篇章主要意思的理解，一般应该继续往下读。如果生词的确影响你对内容的理解，查字典当然是一种办法，但很不方便，而且频繁地查字典不仅影响阅读速度，而且影响对文章内容的整体理解。所以在平时阅读时，遇生词最好的方法是通过上下文猜测。以下几条建议可帮助你猜测词义：
（１）看看上下文中有没有生词的另一种说法，即找同义词。有时上下文会对一个生词作解释，或者提供一些暗示。
（２）看看生词在文章中的词性，即看这个词是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。另外再看看这个词在文中与哪些词搭配使用，再根据自己的其他知识，就可以进行正确的猜测。
（３）分析生词的构成，尤其是词的前缀和后缀。英语中很多词都是加前缀或后缀而变来的。比如你认识这两个词write和similar，根据前缀re-和后缀-ity的含义，你就可以准确地猜出rewrite和similarity这两个词的意思。
（４）看看同一生词是否在上下文的其他地方出现，把两处的语境相比较，也许能更加准确地猜出词义。
（５）充分利用你关于所阅读的内容已有的知识。
为了巩固阅读过程中的生词，在读完一篇后，你可以把本篇中最重要的生词查一下字典，准确地了解这生词在文中的意思。因为我们训练的篇章都是大纲规定的题材，在真题中也可能会遇到这方面的文章，甚至单词。
3. 推论出段落的隐含意思
有时，为了某种目的，作者往往不直接说出某一意思，而是含蓄地表达。这种隐含的意思有时是篇章的主要意思。所以阅读中
经常需要推论(making inference)。有时一句话的含义需要推论，有时整个篇章的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助你进行推论：
（１）结合作者的思想观点、写作背景进行推论。
（２）寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。
（３）仔细体会某些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。比如politician和statesman的意思都是―政治家‖，但前者有贬义的色彩，即―政客‖，后者则没有。
（４）从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征，读出作者的―言外之意‖(reading beyond the lines)。
（５）得出某一推断后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据。
（６）充分利用自己已有的各方面的知识，把文章中所述的事情和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来考虑。
4. 预测下文内容
预测下文内容也是提高阅读效率的重要手段。预测与猜测不同。猜测是对自己没有把握的文字意思的假设，预测则是假想下文将会发生什么事情。预测之所以能够提高阅读效率，是因为它使你产生某种―期待‖(expectations)。带着这种期待去读下文，你会努力为你的假想寻找证据，你的注意力将更加集中在文中的重要内容上。
当然，预测也不是随意的，必须根据已经发生的事情或已了解的内容加上你自己的一般常识进行符合逻辑的预测。当你继续阅读下文时，你的预测要么被肯定，要么被否定。无论是肯定还是否定，都会加深你对原文的理解。以下是几条建议：
（1）如果你对段落的主题思想已有初步的了解，想一想关于这一主题通常要描写哪些方面的事情，这些事情在本文中会发生吗？
（2）应用你的英语语言知识及语言在具体语境中的习惯用法，预测篇章将要写什么。
最后，在做阅读题时要先看题目再看文章，搞清题目问的是什么，再带着问题到文中寻找答案，尤其是快速阅读，题目较简单，因此要有选择性地阅读与问题相关的语句，而没有必要句句都读。只有这样，才能保证阅读速度。
近年来专业四级考试中Grammar and Vocabulary部分中，50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50%为语法结构。该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。因此，掌握词汇和语法对于在TEM4中取得好成绩显得尤为重要。
综观这近几年考题，可发现：
1．语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。
2．语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，主格，情态动词。
3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况
1）虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／ advisable／ natural／ essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。
2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3）主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5）定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。
专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的5000—6000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：
1．动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。
2．习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；be supposed to／have／make sb．＋do等。
3．由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。
4．单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。
5．介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。
语法和词汇的复习思路：
1．全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的―偏，特，难‖点。
2．掌握常用习惯用法和词组。
3．注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题。
4．研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例。
完形填空着重检查考生对语言的综合运用能力。给出一篇破坏信息较多的短文，通常有250词左右，15个空，每空四个选项，需要考生综合考虑短文的内容安排、结构组织、内在逻辑及语言特色，主要测试词汇辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配、语法结构及逻辑推理和语篇理解等方面的知识和能力。
完形填空的解题过程可以概括为―总、分、总‖三步走。
第一步：―总‖ 速读全文，把握大局。考生用2～3分钟，以略读方式快速浏览全文，主要目的是要了解文章的体裁和题材，从整体上把握全文内容和结构框架，找出文章的主题、大意，作者的观点、态度、思路，文章展开的线索，句与句以及段与段之间的逻辑关系及文章的语言风格或特点。考生应当格外注意段首句和段尾句，因为文章第一句话旨在让读者对全文有一个大致的了解，而且段首句往往就是主题句；而段尾句往往是结论句,同样为主题服务。另外，还要注意各种重复出现的词语。重复出现的词语指的是同根词的重复，以同义词、近义词或反义词形式出现的重复，相似的表达方式或句式的重复等等。这些词语相互呼应，从不同角度反复说明文章的主题，影射作者的意图，与段首句段尾句一起勾勒出全文的脉络走向。文章总是按照一定的思路发展的。论说文一般按照逻辑推理关系论述，叙述文常常按照时间顺序来发展，而描写文的发展往往表现为空间关系。不同文体的文章在发展层次上常常要用不同的连接方式，过渡方式。考生通过速读全文可以把握文章思路发展的基本线索，为下一步解题确定语境线索。这一步必不可少，考生千万不要贪图节省时间而拿起文章就做题，这样往往―误入歧途‖，把自己的理解强加给文章。
第二步：―分‖ 往返迂回，各个击破。考生逐句通读全文，但是先不要看四个选择项，做到通读与猜测并行。另外，千万不要拘泥于题目顺序，这一步解题过程可以针对不同情况分三轮解题，通俗地讲，就是好做的先做，不会的留到下一轮。第一轮，对含义明显的词汇，固定搭配或习惯用法，常用句式等纯语言知识问题，可以边读边随时猜测出答案，包括介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定的句型或语法。第二轮，针对在通读过程中未能轻易猜测出答案的题目。这类题目的答案，不仅仅取决于对文章局部的理解，而是要在对语篇理解的基础上，利用上下文中字里行间的线索才能猜测出答案。此时，考生首先看清题区的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断词性，然后根据考生自己的生活常识、背景知识与文章主题猜测该词或短语的语义范围。例如，对于动词、名词、形容词、副词等实义词，应该在语篇基础上判断它们的性质：动态、静态、积极、消极、褒义、贬义等。对形容词和副词还要分辨它们是强还是弱，是修饰数量、质量、长度、面积还是形状。对于连词，更要从上下文中判断它的逻辑意义，表示并列、递进、让步还是转折等。对猜测出答案的题目，应当首先对照选择项，找出选择项中与自己猜测完全相同或十分接近的那个答案，把它填入原文，看一看还原后的句子是否符合语法规律，语义是否符合文章主题，如若不符合上述要求，就必须推翻原解，重新猜测。第三轮，集中突破前两轮未能解出的题目。在前两轮的基础上，针对最后难关，直接对照选择项，利用前两轮已填入的选项缩小填空范围，采用排除法，排除不恰当的选项，最后敲定答案。
第三步：―总‖ 检查核实。此时的文章应当是一个语法结构正确，用词语义准确，上下文逻辑关系严密，主题突出，内容充实，意思连贯，层次清晰的整体。首先，要着眼大局，从语篇整体上，看答案是否符合文章主题，作者态度，意图及文体特征，结合段首句、段尾句和含有连贯意义的词语，把文章看作一篇范文，从写作角度，审视文章的谋篇布局―启、承、转、合‖。其次，从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查：1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调； 2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)；4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不
定式。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无绝对把握，仍应相信第一感觉。
1.Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗？
2.It's a good father that knows his son。就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。
3.I have no opinion of that sort of man。我对这类人很反感。
4.He put 5 dollars into my hand,\"you have been a great man today.\"他把5美圆塞到我手上说：―你今天表现得很好。‖
5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two。我是最小的儿子，但我还有两个妹妹。
6.The picture flattered her。她比较上照。
7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England。她在那个国家水土不服，所以回到了英国。
8.He is a walking skeleton。他很瘦。
9.The machine is in good repair。机器已经修好了。
10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty。他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪。
11.You don't know what you are talking about。你在胡说八道。
12.You don't begin to understand what they mean。你根本不知道他们在干嘛。 (not begin to：毫不)
13.They didn't praise him slightly。他们大大地表扬了他。
14.That's all I want to hear。我已经听够了。
15.I wish I could bring you to see my point。你要我怎么说你才能明白呢。
16.You really flatter me。你让我受宠若惊。
17.He made a great difference。有他没他结果完全不一样。
18.You cannot give him too much money。你给他再多的钱也不算多。
19.The long exhausting trip proved too much。这次旅行旷日持久，我们都累倒了。
20.You look darker after the holiday。你看上去更健康了。
21.As luck would have it, he was caught by the teacher again。不幸的是，他又一次被老师逮个正着。
22.She held the little boy by the right hand。她抓着小男孩的右手。(这里\"by\"与\"with\"动作主语完全相反)
23.Are you there?等于句型：Do you follow me?
24.If you think he is a good man, think again。如果你认为他是好人，那你就大错特错了。
25.She has blue eyes。她长着双蓝眼睛。
26.That took his breath away。他大惊失色。
27.Two is company but three is none。两人成伴，三人不欢。
28.The elevator girl reads between passengers。开电梯的姑娘在没有乘客时看书。
\"between\"=\"without\":相同用法：She modeled between roles。译成：她不演戏时去客串下模特。
29.Students are still arriving。学生还没有到齐。
30.I must not stay here and do nothing。我不能什么都不做待在这儿。
31.They went away as wise as they came。他们一无所获。
32.I won't do it to save my life。我死也不会做。
33.Nonsense, I don't think his painting is any better than yours。胡说，我认为他的画比你好不到哪去。
34.Traditionally, Italian presidents have been seen and not heard。从传统上看，意大利总统有名无权。
35.Better late than the late。晚了总比完了好/迟到总比丧命好。
36.You don't want to do that。你不应该去做。
37.My grandfather is nearly 90 and in his second childhood。我祖父快90岁了，什么事都需要别人来做。
38.Work once and work twice。一次得手，再次不愁。
39.Rubber easily gives way to pressure。橡胶很容易变形。
40.If my mother had known of it she'd have died a second time。要是我妈妈知道了，她会从棺材里爬起来。
2010年专业四级考试时间：
2010年04月17日（周六） 08：30
考试时间：135分钟
考试项目：
一、听写（15分）（15分钟）：1道大题，15个意群；
二、听力（15分）（20分钟）：三大部分，对话、短文、新闻，30题；
三、完形（10分）（15分钟）：1道大题，20个单选；
四、单选（15分）（15分钟）：30道小题；
五、阅读（20分）（25分钟）：四篇阅读，共20小题；（有的阅读4个问题，有的阅读6个问题）；
六、大作文（15分）（35分钟）：议论文1道；200字左右；
七、小作文（10分）（10分钟）：便条、留言、写信，50字左右。
红皮MP3下载地址
http://www.kekenet.com/exam/CET4zhinan/ 白皮MP3下载地址 由
【
http://www.douban.com/group/topic/97619/
】
提
1 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b4312e7d-10a4-11df-91b0-0015c55db73d/ 2 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b4594fee-10a4-11df-b190-0015c55db73d/ 3 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b4771c99-10a4-11df-b7ec-0015c55db73d/ 4 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b492fac0-10a4-11df-a0-0015c55db73d/ 5 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b492fac0-10a4-11df-a0-0015c55db73d/ 6 http://www.rayfile.com/files/b4c2e828-10a4-11df-bfa4-0015c55db73d/
以下是去年在网上搜集的一些资料，仅供参考
供
的
：
【TEM4高频词汇】 出
现
8
次
credit
出
现
7
次
entitle/raise/range
of
出
现出
现
65
次次
abandon/access/adopt/charge/cultivate/exhaust/extensive/grant/leak/present/regardless reserve
acquire/adapt/assemble/associate/attend/available/expand/identical/insert/intensive/involve/matter/preferable/promote/regulate/replace/retain/split/transfer/transmission/transport 出现4次accumulate acknowledge affect arouse assist benefit bring up change confuse considerable convention crack disposal dissolve distance effect emergency exaggerate expense fare fault in spite of incident inform install interval lively pace particular perform precaution provide rate recognition regular relate reliefrigidscold settle shift specific status stick stretch tendtime-consumed transform transmit vision 出现3次absence accompany accuse acquaint aggressive aimed alter amaze ambitious amuse appointment approve arise arrange artificial assume assure attach attribute bare bargain barrier blank burst cancel clumsy come out complete concern conflict considerate consult consume contact continually contract contribute coordinate cost crisis damage decisive declined decrease deliver demand dense dispute edge equipped event exception exchange exhibit exploit exposure feature flexible flow focused follow guarantee guide halting harsh hint hollow impression indispensable inevitable inquire insured issue justify lack lead length manner mild missmission mobile mood multiply neglect now that occasion payment speculiar plunge pretion press progress proper prospect provision put down put up puzzle rank refuse regard register release result retreat reward rise route scope shrink slight smooth special spot squeeze strain strike suit tedious unstable urgent vacant view witness yield 出现过2次 absorbed abstract account accurate adequate affair anxiety appeal applicable approachable arrival article assessment at intervals at length automatically award backs battle Besides blowing border bored boundary bring about bring around bringout build up But for called off calling for calling in calling on calling up campaign capacity careful case certain closed down combating come along come on come round comes around to come son to comes to comes up to comtively compose confinement consequently consider consistent constant contain content continuous contrary copying critical cursed cuts down decorated deliberate deny depression derive despair desperation Despite diplomatic directed disappeared discarded discipline discouraged dismissal distress diverse dot drifting drop dynamic eager echo edition editorial efficient embraces employ enclose endure enlargin genormous entertained escape even though evidence excess exclamation exclusive excuse expectations expose extent
【TEM4便条背诵范文】
1. 欠条；留下字据，表示欠某人某物。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。 Sept. 16th, 2007
Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows: A copy of English History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen. Wu Zhuo
For the Office of Social Science Department
2. 留言；用书面留下要说的话。留言涉及的方面很多，包括约会，通知，请求等任何可用便条留下的口信。 Tuesday Dear Li,
As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours. I’m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly. Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m. today, to
Room 6 of Lijing Hotel? Yours always, Jiayang
3. 请假条：往往指由于生病或特殊情况不能亲自当面请假，用假条的形式告假。所以，请假条大多是病假条。可以自写，也可请他人。写假条最重要的是说明原因和请假的期限。 Jan. 10th Dear Ms. Jiang,
I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.
Yours respectfully, Tian Ye
Aug. 22nd Secretary Li,
I’m sorry to apply for ten days’ leave from the Aug. 23rd to Sep. 3rd instantly, as the time is urgent. My father now in the hospital is badly ill and I have to take care of him for a few days, for I’m the only child in my family. I will show you the telegram about my father’s illness to support my application. I promise I will do my best to catch the missed lessons on after I come back. Wish for your allowance. Yours respectfully ××× To Dean’s Office Dear Mr. Black:
I am terribly sorry to inform you that I am unable to go to school today owing to a severe headache. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as she fears it will be two days before I shall be able to resume my study. Could you kindly excuse my absence on Monday and Tuesday? Thanks. Peter Monday Miss Boffin,
Please excuse Tom’s absence from school this morning. He caught a bad cold and had a high fever last night and could not fall asleep until midnight. I felt it would not be fair to the other children to allow her to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for three day’s sick leave and will let her resume her study if she feels better.
Yours sincerely, Steven Mr. Zhang,
I have just received a telegram saying that my father is seriously ill and urging me to go home at once. Because of this I would like to have a leave of two days beginning on August 26. I hope that my request will be given due consideration.
Wang Ming August 25
Encl: A telegram from my home
4． 约请(Invitation) Sunday Dear Alice,
Here is a piece of good news for you. The Russian National Ballet Troupe will give a performance in the Beijing Grand Theater tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it and I leave you an admission card. The performance will begin at seven o’clock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming or not. ×××
下面是一封接受邀请的信，与上面第一封邀请信相对应： Dear Alice,
Thank you very much for your invitation. It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film. I will arrive at the cinema before eight. I look forward to meeting you on Friday. Thank you for thinking of me. Yours, Jane
谢绝邀请的回信一般包含以下几方面的内容：首先还是要对对方的邀请表示感谢；然后具体说明自己无法接受邀请的原因，并对无法出席表示遗憾；最后表达自己的祝愿，即祝愿自己未能参加的会议或者活动能够顺利进行。 下面是一封谢绝邀请的信，与上面的第二封邀请信相对应： Dear Professor White,
Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August, inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004.
Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from a disease since this summer. I am firmly advised that it would be unwise to undertake any distant and long travel in the near future.
I feel very sad to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science. I wish the conference a complete success.
Faithfully yours, Wang Xuan 5. 道歉（Apology）
在社会交往中，人们常常会出现一些疏忽、过失等。为了避免误解，不影响感情，在这种情况下，应写信给对方予以解释，以请求谅解。 May 20th Dear Lily,
I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare an urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p. m. I am terribly sorry. However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply. ××× 6.April Dear Lucy,
I do apologize for having to send this letter about Saturday night. When I accepted your invitation, I simply forgot that Saturday was a holiday and that my own guests were not leaving until Sunday morning. It is difficult for me to make a choice. Though I also wonder to meet you very much. I could not very well go out by myself and leave the guests at my home. I hope you know
how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday. Should I make a visit to you in my other spare time? Thank you very much. ×××
6. 借物(Borrowing) Tuesday Dear Xiao Wang,
I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating. So I think your electronic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much! Yours ever ×××
7. 回复友人问侯(Reply for Regards) Jan. 8th. Dear Jenny,
Thanks for your letter of sympathy I received the day before yesterday. The operation on my leg was a wonderful success. You know I had been suffering a lot from my leg since my childhood. The operation removed the cause of trouble. It is quite worth having the operation. I am daily recovering from my illness. I’m confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment. Thank you for kind wishes. My best wishes to all your family. ××× July 5th Dear Miss Huang,
My sister called me last night, and she said that my father is dangerously ill. I beg to apply for seven days’ leave of absence from 16th to 21st instantly, in order that I can see my beloved father. I should be much obliged if you would grant me my application. As regards the lessons to be missed during my absence, I will do my best to make up for them as soon as I get back from home. Sincerely yours, ××× 8．感谢信
感谢信属于个人信函，是用来对馈赠礼物或曾经得到某人的关怀、照顾表示感谢，在西方国家用得比较普遍。感谢信在格式上没有很严格的要求，主要是要写得真挚，表达诚挚的感激之情，不能给人一种草率的印象。
由于感谢的对象、原因和内容不同，感谢信的内容也会有所区别。例如，对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢的信，一定要提到所赠的礼物以及自己对礼物的喜爱之情；又如因为曾在对方家里小住而写的感谢信，一定要提到在对方家里居住时候的感受。但是，无论如何，一封感谢信通常都包括感谢的原因、内容以及诚挚的感激知情。
下面给出两封简短的感谢信，一封是对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢，另一封是在对方家里小住过一段时间，离开后表达感谢的信。 Dear Sandy,
When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.
I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present. It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come. Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.
Cordially,
Susan
Dear Professor Anthony, Thank you for a delightful stay.
Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship. I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect.
Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.
Cordially, Tom
9．咨询信
咨询信指的是用于了解信息、资料和情况等等的信件。写咨询信要注意以下几个问题： 第一，从措辞上来讲，一定要有礼貌，要比较客气地说清楚你想了解什么或者有什么要求。 第二，所提的问题一定要具体、明确，不能含糊其辞，否则会让对方感到无从回答。
第三，如果同时有好几个问题需要对方回答，可以考虑分段写；如果问题比较简单，则无需分段，但一定要将每个问题分别写清楚。
第四，一定要记得在信中向对方表示感谢。
写咨询信的时候，一般分三个部分来写。首先说明自己的情况，写咨询信的目的；第二步讲明自己要咨询的问题，要简洁明晰；在新的结尾要向对方表示感谢。此外，记得要注明联系地址与电话，以便对方答复。 下面是一封咨询信的范例： To: London Woolen Products From: Angel Clothes Store
As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens. We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample.
Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list.
If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time. Please note our new address and telephone number. Thank you in advance for your attention.
Sincerely, …… 10．订购信
订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。 下面是一封订购飞机票的信函： Dear Sir or Madam:
I am on an urgent mission and want to get to as soon as possible. Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for at 8 a.m. tomorrow. A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred. I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.
If there is no seat available at 8 a.m. tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight. Thank you very much!
Yours faithfully, Steve Brown 11． 投诉信
投诉信一般是针对质量低劣的产品或者服务，其送寄对象应该是对方主管部门的负责人。写投诉信的目的是为了让对方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的问题，继而给出你所期望的解决方法。因此，写这类信件最重要的一点是要实事求是，一定要遵守―简明、公正‖的原则，切勿夸大其词，引起对方的反感。
投诉信中应该包含的内容有：你所投诉的问题；该问题给你造成的不良后果；与投诉有关的重要依据，如商品简要说明、购买日期地点等；你所希望的解决方法和最后结果。此外，还可以向对方建议解决问题的最后日期，并表示对所投诉问题的妥善解决充满信心。
投诉信一般可分为三段：第一段说明信的主要意思，即提出要解决的问题，以及解决问题的重要性；第二段可以解释一下详细的情况，提出与投诉有关的重要依据；最后一段一般是提建议，说出你所期望的解决方法。 以下是一封样信： Dear Sir,
Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday. We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.
When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office. The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs. The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #1.
Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50. Thank you very much.
Sincerely yours, Tom 12. 约会条 Andy,
Fred is now with us. He is going to New York tomorrow morning to pursue his graduate study and we will not be able to see him for a long time. We are having a dinner party at 7 p.m. this evening at my home. It would be nice if you could come over and see him. Michael
13.备忘录
备忘录的一般格式如下：
MEMORANDUM To: From: Date:
Subject: Body
Microsoft, Inc.
Interoffice Memorandum
To: Peter Clark, Rachel White From: Linda Larson Date: September 16, 2004
Subject: Scheduling the project meeting
As you know, we are having the project meeting next week in the projection room. Since the room holds only fifty people comfortably without overcrowding. I suggest we hold the meeting to the forty-one people in the Assembly Section on Thursday at 2:00 p.m. and to the remaining forty-three from the other sections on Friday at the same time. If there’s any problem about this arrangement, please let me know.
【TEM4大作文例子素材】
Diana Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.
External and Internal Beauty
Diana was beautiful, in a fresh-faced, English, outdoors-girl kind of way. She used her big blue eyes to their fullest advantage, melting the hearts of men and women through an expression of complete vulnerability. Diana's eyes, like those of Marilyn Monroe, contained an appeal directed not to any individual but to the world at large. Sacrifice
Diana was a sacrificial symbol in several ways. First she became the patron saint of victims, the sick, the discriminated against, the homeless. Then, partly through her real suffering at the hands of a rigidly formal family trained to play rigidly formal public roles, and partly through her shrewd manipulation of the press, Diana herself projected a compelling image of victimhood. Women in unhappy marriages identified with her; so did outsiders of one kind or another, ethnic, sexual or social. Like many religious idols, she was openly abused and ridiculed, in her case by the same press that stoked the public worship of her. And finally she became the ultimate victim of her own fame: pursued by paparazzi, she became a twisted and battered body in a limousine. It was a fittingly tawdry end to what had become an increasingly tawdry melodrama. But it is in the nature of religion that forms change to fit the times. Diana — celebrity, tabloid princess, mater dolorosa of the pop and fashion scene — was, if nothing else, the perfect idol for our times.
Helen Keller Blind and deaf
Helen Keller was less than two years old when she came down with a fever. It struck dramatically and left her unconscious.
The fever went just as suddenly. But she was blinded and, very soon after, deaf. Literature
I can say the word see. I can speak the language of the sighted. That's part of the first great achievement of Helen Keller. She proved how language could liberate the blind and the deaf. She wrote, \"Literature is my utopia. Here I am not disenfranchised.\" But how she struggled to master language. With language, Keller, who could not hear and could not see, proved she could communicate in the world of sight and sound — and was able to speak to it and live in it. Teacher
As miraculous as learning language may seem, that achievement of Keller's belongs to the 19th century. It was also a co-production with her patient and persevering teacher, Anne Sullivan. Helen Keller's greater achievement came after Sullivan, her companion and protector, died in 1936. Keller would live 32 more years and in that time would prove that the disabled can be independent. Equality
Those people whose only experience of her is \"The Miracle Worker\" will be surprised to discover her many dimensions. \"My work for the blind,\" she wrote, \"has never occupied a center in my personality. My sympathies are with all who struggle for justice.\" She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality.
Bruce Lee Martial Arts
He is the patron saint of the cult of the body: the almost mystical belief that we have the power to overcome adversity if only we submit to the right combinations of exercise, diet, meditation and weight training; that by force of will, we can sculpt ourselves into demigods. The century began with a crazy burst of that philosophy.
Adolf Hitler History
The Satan and exterminating angel feared and hated by all others, Hitler led his people to a shameful defeat without precedent. That his political and strategic ambitions have created a dividing line in the history of this turbulent and tormented century is undeniable: there is a before and an after. By the breadth of his crimes, which have attained a quasi-ontological dimension, he surpasses all his predecessors: as a result of Hitler, man is defined by what makes him inhuman. With Hitler at the head of a gigantic laboratory, life itself seems to have changed. Leadership
Was there no resistance to his disastrous projects? There was. But it was too feeble, too weak and too late to succeed. German society had rallied behind him: the judicial, the educational, the industrial and the economic establishments gave him their support. Few politicians of this century have aroused, in their lifetime, such love and so much hate; few have inspired so much historical and psychological research after their death. Even today, works on his enigmatic personality and his cursed career are best sellers everywhere. Some are good, others are less good, but all seem to respond to an authentic curiosity on the part of a public haunted by memory and the desire to understand. The apple of Paris
We think we know everything about the nefarious forces that shaped his destiny: his unhappy childhood, his frustrated adolescence; his artistic disappointments; his wound received on the front during World War I; his taste for spectacle, his constant disdain for social and military aristocracies; his relationship with Eva Braun, who adored him; the cult of the very death he feared; his lack of scruples with regard to his former comrades of the SA, whom he had assassinated in 1934; his endless hatred of Jews, whose survival enraged him — each and every phase of his official and private life has found its chroniclers, its biographers.
Marilyn Monroe Movie
Movies have lent the most perishable qualities, such as youth, beauty and comedy, a millennial shelf life. Until the cameras rolled, stars of the past could only be remembered, not experienced. Had she been born earlier, Marilyn might have existed as only a legendary rumor, a Helen of Troy or Tinker Bell. But thanks to Blockbuster, every generation now has immediate access to the evanescent perfection of Marilyn bumping and cooing her way through that chorine's anthem, Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend, in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Only movie stars have the chance to live possibly forever, and maybe that's why they're all so crazy.
The Beatles Gift
Looking back, though, it seems likely that the Beatles — with their buoyant spirits, their bottomless charm, their unaccustomed and irrepressible wit — could probably have boosted the mirth quotient at a clown convention. Their overflowing gifts for songcraft, harmony and instrumental excitement, their spiffy suits and nifty haircuts, their bright quips and ready smiles, made them appear almost otherworldly, as if they had just beamed down from some distant and far happier planet. Hardships
Actually, of course, they hailed from Liverpool, a semi-grim seaport on the northwestern coast of England. John Lennon, born there in 1940, never knew the seagoing father who had deserted his mother; mainly a doting aunt raised the boy. He grew up arty and angry — and musical, it turned out, after his mother bought him the traditional cheap kid guitar (the label inside said guaranteed not to split), and he quickly worked out the chords to the Buddy Holly hit That'll Be the Day. Paul McCartney, born in 1942 and destined to become Lennon's songwriting soul mate, seemed a sunnier type: well mannered, level-headed, all that. But he had weathered trauma of his own, losing his mother to breast cancer in his early teens.
Muhammad Ali
Every profession is great that is greatly pursued
Oliver Wendell Holmes once observed that every profession is great that is greatly pursued. Boxing in the early '60s, largely controlled by the Mob, was in a moribund state until Muhammad Ali — Cassius Clay, in those days — appeared on the scene. \"Just when the sweet science appears to lie like a painted ship upon a painted ocean,\" wrote A.J. Liebling, \"a new Hero...comes along like a Moran tug to pull it out of the ocean.\" Special
Nor did they approve of his personal behavior: the self-promotions (\"I am the greatest!\"), his affiliation with the Muslims and giving up his \"slave name\" for Muhammad Ali (\"I don't have to be what you want me to be; I'm free to be what I want\"), the poetry (his ability to compose rhymes on the run could very well qualify him as the first rapper) or the quips (\"If Ali says a mosquito can pull a plow, don't ask how. Hitch him up!\"). At the press conferences, the reporters were sullen. Ali would turn on them. \"Why ain't you taking notice?\" or \"Why ain't you laughing?\"
Bear no ill will
Then, of course, three years after Ali defended the championship, there came the public vilification for his refusal to join the Army during the Vietnam War — \"I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong\" — one of the more telling remarks of the era. The government prosecuted him for draft dodging, and the boxing commissions took away his license. He was idle for 3 1/2 years at the peak of his career. In 1971 the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly. But Ali bore the commissions no ill will. There were no lawsuits to get his title back through the courts. No need, he said, to punish them for doing what they thought was right. Quite properly, in his mind, he won back the title in the ring, knocking out George Foreman
in the eighth round of their fight in Zaire — the \"Rumble in the Jungle.\" Sport
Ali was asked on a television show what he would have done with his life, given a choice. After an awkward pause — a rare thing, indeed — he admitted he couldn't think of anything other than boxing. That is all he had ever wanted or wished for. He couldn't imagine anything else. He defended boxing as a sport: \"You don't have to be hit in boxing. People don't understand that.\" Spirit
Muhammad Ali's was not exactly a leave-taking, but it may have seemed so to the estimated 3 billion or so television viewers who saw him open the Atlanta Olympics in 1996. Outfitted in a white gym suit that eerily made him seem to glisten against a dark night sky, he approached the unlit saucer with his flaming torch, his free arm trembling visibly from the effects of Parkinson's. Marvel
It was a kind of epiphany that those who watched realized how much they missed him and how much he had contributed to the world of sport. Students of boxing will pore over the trio of Ali-Frazier fights, which rank among the greatest in fistic history, as one might read three acts of a great drama. They would remember the shenanigans, the Ali Shuffle, the Rope-a-Dope, the fact that Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports. And they would marvel that through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete, indeed, the best-known personage in the world.
The American G.I. Hero
G.I. is a World War II term that two generations later continues to conjure up the warmest and proudest memories of a noble war that pitted pure good against pure evil — and good triumphed. The victors in that war were the American G.I.s, the Willies and Joes, the farmer from Iowa and the steelworker from Pittsburgh who stepped off a landing craft into the hell of Omaha Beach. The G.I. was the wisecracking kid Marine from Brooklyn who clawed his way up a deadly hill on a Pacific island. He was a black fighter pilot escorting white bomber pilots over Italy and Germany, proving that skin color had nothing to do with skill or courage. He was a native Japanese-American infantryman released from his own country's concentration camp to join the fight. She was a nurse relieving the agony of a dying teenager. He was a petty officer standing on the edge of a heaving aircraft carrier with two signal paddles in his hands, helping guide a dive-bomber pilot back onto the deck. America
They were America. They reflected our diverse origins. They were the embodiment of the American spirit of courage and dedication. They were truly a \"people's army,\" going forth on a crusade to save democracy and freedom, to defeat tyrants, to save oppressed peoples and to make their families proud of them. They were the Private Ryans, and they stood firm in the thin red line.
Adventure
For most of those G.I.s, World War II was the adventure of their lifetime. Nothing they would ever do in the future would match their experiences as the warriors of democracy, saving the world from its own insanity. You can still see them in every Fourth of July color guard, their gait faltering but ever proud.
America’s commitment
Their forebears went by other names: doughboys, Yanks, buffalo soldiers, Johnny Reb, Rough Riders. But \"G.I.\" will be forever lodged in the consciousness of our nation to apply to them all. The G.I. carried the value system of the American people. The G.I.s were the surest guarantee of America's commitment. For more than 200 years, they answered the call to fight the nation's battles. They never went forth as mercenaries on the road to conquest. They went forth as reluctant warriors, as citizen soldiers.
Democracy
In this century hundreds of thousands of G.I.s died to bring to the beginning of the 21st century the victory of democracy as the ascendant political system on the face of the earth. The G.I.s were willing to travel far away and give their lives, if necessary, to secure the rights and freedoms of others. Only a nation such as ours, based on a firm moral foundation, could make such a request of its citizens. And the G.I.s wanted nothing more than to get the job done and then return home safely. All they asked for in repayment from those they freed was the opportunity to help them become part of the world of democracy--and just enough land to bury their fallen comrades, beneath simple white crosses and Stars of David.
Albert Einstein Genius
Einstein's galvanizing effect on the popular imagination continued throughout his life, and after it. Fearful his grave would become a magnet for curiosity seekers, Einstein's executors secretly scattered his ashes. But they were defeated at least in part by a pathologist who carried off his brain in hopes of learning the secrets of his genius. Only recently Canadian researchers, probing those pickled remains, found that he had an unusually large inferior parietal lobe — a center of mathematical thought and spatial imagery — and shorter connections between the frontal and temporal lobes. More definitive insights, though, are emerging from old Einstein letters and papers. These are finally coming to light after years of resistance by executors eager to shield the great relativist's image.
Contrast
Unlike the avuncular caricature of his later years who left his hair unshorn, helped little girls with their math homework and was a soft touch for almost any worthy cause, Einstein is emerging from these documents as a man whose unsettled private life contrasts sharply with his serene contemplation of the universe. He could be alternately warmhearted and cold; a doting father, yet aloof; an understanding, if difficult, mate, but also an egregious flirt. \"Deeply and passionately [concerned] with the fate of every stranger,\" wrote his friend and biographer Philipp Frank, he \"immediately withdrew into his shell\" when relations became intimate. Parents
The pudgy first child of a bourgeois Jewish couple from southern Germany, he was strongly influenced by his domineering, musically inclined mother, who encouraged his passion for the violin and such classical composers as Bach, Mozart and Schubert. In his preteens he had a brief, intense religious experience, going so far as to chide his assimilated family for eating pork. But this fervor burned itself out, replaced, after he began exploring introductory science texts and his \"holy\" little geometry book, by a lifelong suspicion of all authority.
His easygoing engineer father, an unsuccessful entrepreneur in the emerging electrochemical industry, had less influence, though it was he who gave Einstein the celebrated toy compass that inspired his first \"thought experiment\": what, the five-year-old wondered, made the needle always point north?
Knowledge
The recognition of the practical power of his ideas coincided with a time when such power was most needed. Einstein came to America in 1933 as the most celebrated of a distinguished group of European intellectuals, refugees from Hitler and Mussolini, who, as soon as they arrived, changed the composition of university faculties (largely from patrician to Jewish), and who also changed the composition of government. Until F.D.R.'s New Deal, the country had never associated the contemplative life with governmental action. Now there was a Brain Trust; being an \"egghead\" was useful, admirable, even sexy. One saw that it was possible to outthink the enemy. Einstein wrote a letter to Roosevelt urging the making of a uranium bomb, and soon a coterie of can-do intellectuals convened at Los Alamos to become the new cowboys of war machinery. Presidents have relied on eggheads ever since: Einstein begat Kissinger begat Rubin, Reich and Greenspan.
Relativity
Einstein became the emblem not only of the desire to know the truth but also of the capacity to know the truth. In his 1993 novel, Einstein's Dreams, Alan Lightman writes, \"In this world time is a visible dimension. Just as one may look off in the distance and see houses, trees, mountain peaks that are landmarks in space, so one may look out in another direction and see births, marriages, deaths that are signposts in time, stretching off dimly into the far future.\" It does not take much of another stretch to attach godhead to such a vision, though that was hardly Einstein's own feeling.
Imagination
Why, finally, is he so important to the age? Not because he personified brainpower — not because he was \"an Einstein\" — but rather because he demonstrated that the imagination is capable of coming to terms with experience. Simply by gazing into existence, he concluded that time and space could be warped, that mass and energy were interchangeable. He understood that the world was a puzzle created for deciphering and, more, that a person's place in the order of things was to solve as much of the puzzle as possible. This is what makes a human human; this, and the governing elements of morals and humor.
Billy Graham Peace
That is now a period piece, but I think it is important to keep it on the record. Graham, a slow but sure learner, moved with the spirit of the age, and in the 1980s he became a preacher of world peace, urging reconciliation with Russia and China, where his wife Ruth, the daughter of missionaries, was born. Angry Fundamentalists turned against him, a move that became an anti-Graham passion when he rejected the program of the Christian right: \"I don't think Jesus or the Apostles took sides in the political arenas of their day.\" The break between Graham and the Christian right became absolute when he denounced the violence of the antiabortion group Operation Rescue. \"The tactics,\" Graham declared, \"ought to be prayer and discussion.\" Faith
Though Graham has never, to my knowledge, spoken out on behalf of the poor, it seems legitimate to conclude that his almost exclusive emphasis upon soul saving is his passionate center, even his authentic obsession. And there, whatever his inadequacies of intellect or of spiritual discernment, Graham has ministered to a particular American need: the public testimony of faith. He is the recognized leader of what continues to call itself American evangelical Protestantism, and his life and activities have sustained the self-respect of that vast entity. If there is an indigenous American religion — and I think there is, quite distinct from European Protestantism — then Graham remains its prime emblem.
Che Guevara Hero
Gone is the generous Che who tended wounded enemy soldiers, gone is the vulnerable warrior who wanted to curtail his love of life lest it make him less effective in combat and gone also is the darker, more turbulent Che who signed orders to execute
prisoners in Cuban jails without a fair trial.
Follower
Thousands of luminous young men, particularly in Latin America, followed his example into the hills and were slaughtered there or tortured to death in sad city cellars, never knowing that their dreams of total liberation, like those of Che, would not come true.
Witchery
To those who will never follow in his footsteps, submerged as they are in a world of cynicism, self-interest and frantic consumption, nothing could be more vicariously gratifying than Che's disdain for material comfort and everyday desires. One might suggest that it is Che's distance, the apparent impossibility of duplicating his life anymore, that makes him so attractive.
Terrifying
More than 3 billion human beings on this planet right now live on less than $2 a day. And every day that breaks, 40,000 children — more than one every second! — succumb to diseases linked to chronic hunger. They are there, always there, the terrifying conditions of injustice and inequality that led Che many decades ago to start his journey toward that bullet and that photo awaiting him in Bolivia.
Anne Frank Book
Along with everything else she came to represent, Anne Frank symbolized the power of a book. All the same, the Book of Anne has inspired a panoply of responses — plays, movies, documentaries, biographies, a critical edition of the diary — all in the service of understanding or imagining the girl or, in some cases, of putting her down.
The reason for her immortality was basically literary. She was an extraordinarily good writer, for any age, and the quality of her work seemed a direct result of a ruthlessly honest disposition. Millions were moved by the purified version of her diary originally published by her father, but the recent critical, unexpurgated edition has moved millions more by disanointing her solely as an emblem of innocence. Anne's deep effect on readers comes from her being a normal, if gifted, teenager. She was curious about sex, doubtful about religion, caustic about her parents, irritable especially to herself; she believed she had been fitted with two contradictory souls.
Readers enjoy quoting the diary's sweetest line — \"I still believe, in spite of everything, that people are still truly good at heart\" — -but the passage that follows is more revealing: \"I simply can't build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness; I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too; I can feel the sufferings of millions; and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty will end, and that peace and tranquillity will return again ... I must uphold my ideals, for perhaps the time will come when I shall be able to carry them out.\"
Holocaust
When the Nazis invaded Holland, the Frank family, like all Jewish residents, became victims of a systematically constricting universe. First came laws that forbade Jews to enter into business contracts. Then books by Jews were burned. Then there were the so-called Aryan laws, affecting intermarriage. Then Jews were barred from parks, beaches, movies, libraries. By 1942 they had to wear yellow stars stitched to their outer garments. Then phone service was denied them, then bicycles. Trapped at last in their homes, they were \"disappeared.\"
Good and Evil
Here is no childish optimism but rather a declaration of principles, a way of dealing practically with a world bent on destroying her. It is the cry of the Jew in the attic, but it is also the cry of the 20th century mind, of the refugee forced to wander in deserts of someone else's manufacture, of the invisible man who asserts his visibility. Moral
Indeed, they love her, which is to say they love the book. In her diary she showed the world not only how fine a person she was, but also how necessary it is to come to terms with one's own moral being, even — perhaps especially — when the context is horror. The diary suggests that the story of oneself is all that we have, and that it is worth a life to get it right.
Success Bill Gates
When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world. Thomas Edison
We can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous woks. Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name \"Saint of the Gutters.\" The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide. Mandela
Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Beethoven
Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.
Power Control
Mr. Lesson was accused of losing 1.3 billon dollars as a result of a risky derivative investment with the potential of a 27-billon gain. The collapse of Barings Bank in 1995 has been one of the most spectacular events in the banking world in recent years. Banks solvency and liquidity can be significantly threatened if speculative trading in financial derivatives is guided by a lack of
adequate internal and external controls. There is evidence that such reasons are responsible for the failure of Barings in February 1995. Morale
Recently, many multi-national companies, such as Cisco and Yahoo, stimulate the employees’ morale by offering stock options to their employees. Stock option provides a chance for employees to become the shareholders of the company. As the result, the interest and profit of the company is tightly connected with the employees’ interest and income.
复合型人才
An employer looking for long-term employees may be better served by hiring applicants with broad background. By way of their more general education, these applicants have acquired a variety of general and transferable skills. They may be more suitable than their business-background colleagues to solve general management problems, deal with business associates from different cultures and view issues at a variety of aspects. In general, the employees with broad background can accustom to changes more quickly than their business-majored colleagues. 烟草与健康
Philip Morris, the largest tobacco company in the world, has been sued by government and many other groups for producing products that are harmful to health. The fines and legal fees that have resulted from the legal attacks against the company have costed the company substantial amounts of money. 药品安全
Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company. 工业安全
Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers. 国家歧视
Discriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result. The best example is Toshiba, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outrage at the company’s discrimination and refused to use any of Toshiba’s notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumer’s confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company. 合作
Traditionally, the first firm to commercialise a new technology has benefited from unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution. For example, SEGA, producer of Saturn, was the first company to develop home video game machine commercially, but Sony Entertainment INC., producer of Play Station, proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliance with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market its hardware and software. Because consumers had more choices on Play Station’s games, they seldom bought SEGA Saturn. By the end of the 1990’s, Play Station dominated the home video game market while SEGA Saturn was no longer in production. 全球一体化
The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998 demonstrate that the world’s capital markets are
more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously. 人与机器
The fact that in many corporations employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money does not mean our lives are becoming worse. After all, it is the automation that boosts the industrial revolution, which in turn, creates thousands of hundreds more positions than in the past. If the corporations cannot improve its profitability, many more people will lost their jobs ultimately. 公司的社会责任感
Traditionally, people think that companies are set up for making profit, not for saving our planet. Today, however, more and more multinational companies adopt the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy (CSR policy). These companies pay more attention to the social problems, from employee minimum wage to environment issues. On the one hand, these companies do not want people to protest in front of the office buildings; on the other hand, a good public image does help the companies promote their products to consumers.
Children
The immaturity of young children may deter them from making moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against or others. Many scientific research prove that young children do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm and that it is difficult for young children to differentiate between unforeseeable and foreseeable, and thus preventable harm.
Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences. 交通
It took Columbus, the Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth is round, over 3 months to sail from Europe to America. However, we can do so by air within one day. 多才多艺
Leonardo da Vinci is best remembered as the painter of the Mona Lisa (1503-1506) and The Last Supper (1495). But he's almost equally famous for his astonishing multiplicity of talents: he dabbled in architecture, sculpture, engineering, geology, hydraulics and the military arts, all with success, and in his spare time doodled parachutes and flying machines that resembled inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries. He made detailed drawings of human anatomy which are still highly regarded today. Leonardo also was quirky enough to write notebook entries in mirror (backwards) script, a trick which kept many of his observations from being widely known until decades after his death. 京都议定书
Kyoto Protocol: An agreement on global warming reached by the United Nations Conference on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. The major industrial nations pledged to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases between 2008 and 2012. Although the American delegation signed the protocol, the United States Senate has refused to ratify the treaty, mainly because it believes that the targeted reductions are so steep that they will produce a severe economic slump. Attacking the U.S. position as selfish, European governments have been extremely critical of the U.S. refusal to ratify the protocol. 哥白尼
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-13), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system.
梵高
Gogh, Vincent Willem van (1853-10), Dutch postimpressionist painter, whose work represents the archetype of expressionism, the idea of emotional spontaneity in painting. 甘地
Mahatma Gandhi’s campaign of nonviolent civil resistance to British rule of India led to India’s independence in 1947. Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and meditation. His union with his wife became, as he himself stated, that of brother and sister. Refusing earthly possessions, he wore the loincloth and shawl of the lowliest Indian and subsisted on vegetables, fruit juices, and goat's milk. Indians revered him as a saint and began to call him Mahatma (Sanskrit, ―great soul‖), a title reserved for the greatest sages. Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolence, known as ahimsa (Sanskrit, ―noninjury‖), was the expression of a way of life implicit in the Hindu religion. By the Indian practice of nonviolence, Gandhi held, Britain too would eventually consider violence useless and would leave India. 马丁路德金
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968), American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner, one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest. King’s challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. After his assassination in 1968, King became a symbol of protest in the struggle for racial justice. Throughout his career he pressed for equal treatment and improved circumstances for blacks, organizing nonviolent protests and delivering powerful speeches on the necessity of eradicating institutional racial inequalities. In 1963 King led a peaceful march between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, where he delivered his most famous speech, ―I Have a Dream.‖ 深蓝
In 1996 IBM challenged Garry Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, to a chess match with a supercomputer called Deep Blue. The computer had the ability to compute more than 100 million chess positions per second. In a 1997 rematch Deep Blue defeated Kasparov, becoming the first computer to win a match against a reigning world chess champion with regulation time controls. Many experts predict these types of parallel processing machines will soon surpass human chess playing ability, and some speculate that massive calculating power will one day replace intelligence. Deep Blue serves as a prototype for future computers that will be required to solve complex problems. At issue, however, is whether a computer can be developed with the ability to learn to solve problems on its own, rather than one programmed to solve a specific set of tasks.
一、 教育类 作用和目的
Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society. Life skills — logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving
Education should aim at improvement of both one’s morals and faculties.
We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of a country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality and the freedom to practice one’s faith. 压力
Economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure 人文教育的意义
The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Liberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and
conceptualize problems. 应试教育的缺点
He was being so stuffed with an indigestible mass of material that he has no time to draw on his own resources, to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material. 鼓励质疑权威
Bacon advocated the idea of testing the authority in order to gain real knowledge. Cause knowledge acquires certain skepticism to whatever we study even since the dawn of our civilization. Human beings have paid tribute to Copernicus for the first step he took in ignoring established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumption of astronomy for publishing his Heliocentric conjecture that the earth and other planets revolves around the sun. Same thought have also preoccupied Descartes who considered holding little suspicions to the wholly spread religions is the only way to expunge prejudice from our mundane life.
二、 艺术类 作用和目的
According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release (discharge) of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole. Art presents us with insight into what is eternal and universal. Behind the profound work of art is a set of principles of humanity that always prevail.（理解人性）
Renaissance painting of a Madonna and Angels, for many viewers, is somehow a revelation of transcendent spirituality; a Beethoven symphony is the last word on human endurance.
Some narrative arts (novel, film) instruct us to some extent. This works with moral reflect the human character.（反映人性） Shakespeare's Macbeth, for instance, teaches us that inordinate ambition is pernicious.
兴趣的作用
Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, created many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, Chorus, with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It must be the prominent imagination that stimulated him to struggle and thrive, thus he can even listen in spite of no hearings. 作品：The Fifth Symphony, the Finale of the Ninth Symphony and the \"Moonlight\" Sonata
达芬奇：通才
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. He has been described as the archetype of the \"Renaissance man\" and as a universal genius. Leonardo is famous for his masterly paintings, such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. He is also known for designing many inventions that anticipated modern technology, although few of these designs were constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped advance the study of anatomy, astronomy, and civil engineering.
生前作品没有被认可
Monet did not find acclaim and wealth to later in his life and at times suffered through extreme poverty. Success also allowed him some degree of freedom in his work.
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.
Emily Bronte was a British novelist and poet, best remembered for her one novel Wuthering Heights, an acknowledged classic
of English literature. But it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book did not become an English literary classic until forty years later. 创造性
Take the enormity of Pablo Picasso’s artistic output for an illustration, which connotes an unrealistic interpretation of its original creature, exists as unrivalled tributes to an artist whose influence remain unequalled in quality and longevity. It is simply because of the innovative approach towards objects he applied to his work-- full of variety in its kind for individual to predict in their fragment--which people desperately needed.
三、 科技类
In the field of science, according to empiricism and positivism, ―science‖ theories are objective, empirically testable and ―predictive‖- they predict results that can be checked objectively.
To say ―the apple fell‖ is to state a fact, whereas Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is a body of ideas that is based on the observation and allows other scientists to explain why the apple fell and make prediction about other falling objects. 垃圾
Overflowing Landfill with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, landfills are a testament to the sobering side effects of technological advance. An average city dweller may produce a ton of refuse in a year, a volume that rapidly overflows local dumps. Cities running out of space for landfill often turn to incinerating their waste or transporting it to other areas, although up to 90 percent of the material might have been recycled. 失业
Automation Trade-Off Technological advancement has both positive and ill effects on a society. Take, for example, advances in automation technology. Automation has improved production efficiency and quality control, and has reduced the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks. On the other hand, automation has made many jobs unnecessary, putting employees out of work, or forcing them to retrain.
四、 社会类 竞争和合作
Competition is a way of life in today's world. The capitalist society encourages competition. Individuals and companies alike, for the sake of survival in competition, must continue to improve their services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.
In the past decade, we have seen computers shrinking in size, increasing in power, and declining in price. We have also seen a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking at a reducing price. All of these good things happen only because of competition.
Take Philadelphia for example, in 1847, With a population of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get their mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express business developed, and thrived, and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the government mail.
The Olympic Games is a form of competition (players continuingly break up records to challenge human limits，there is only one tallest podium for the gold medal and two shorter ones for the silver and bronze.)挑战人类极限, and so are college or university entrance examinations 促进学习and presidential elections.民主社会
The cost of competition is very high. Competition in the form of arms race among powers is a waste of limited resources that we have on this planet, and will bring massive destruction to humankind.
Competition is to separate winners from losers. On the other hand, cooperation is the only driving force that will make every
participant a winner.
合作的好处
In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex and there are more specialists:
In an orchestra, in the workplace, in the creation of a film, on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams.
There is another side to relationships called cooperation. Call it family, call it friendship, call it mutual support. We get together in groups to do those things that are larger than one person. We design airplanes, build roads and play basketball in teams. 过度合作和坏处
Cooperation in the form of monopoly or price-fixing is illegal in the capitalist world as it kills the spirit of competition. American people do not allow their governments to operate any business as they believe that the government-run business will be ineffective due to lack of competition. 合作竞争-co-opetition
It's a combination of cooperation and competition that offers the possibility for rivals to benefit from each other's seemingly competitive activities. In short, there are circumstances where having more players to cut the pie means bigger pieces of pie for everyone. (把蛋糕做大)That's co-opetition.
Co-opetition is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition that describes many business relationships. A value network, or Value Net, is a map that helps visualize the tangled web of interconnections in the game of business.
Telephone and cable TV companies have been complementors in sharing the cost of poles to run wires to the same houses. Coke and Pepsi go head to head.
Relationships, personal or business, can be hard to sort out and often are not so clearly defined as complementary or competitive. They are both. It's war and peace at the same time. That's the strange world of co-opetition. 贫穷
Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots;（有产和无产之间的矛盾） structural arrangements, such as official unemployment and the stipulation of a poverty line, have the effect of limiting opportunities and justifying social inequality. Thus, poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. （阶级歧视，不平等机会）Programs and policies for addressing problems of poverty and work, such as the social welfare system and affirmative action, are themselves problems.（社会福利等制度）
Crime, Violence, Drugs, and the Criminal Justice System（antisocial behavior）
Juvenile delinquency and street crime may be linked to youth gang and organized crime activities(犯罪团伙); the availability of guns, alcohol, and drugs（支，酒精，毒品）; poverty, unemployment, and lack of economic opportunity（贫穷、失业）; racism（种族主义）; family instability and domestic violence（家庭暴力）; school failure（学业不好）; and the influence of mass media（媒体影响）.
家庭问题
family instability, divorce and child custody（离婚，家庭不合，儿童监护）, spouse and child abuse（虐待儿童）, gender issues, gay and lesbian families（同性恋家庭）, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion（领养、堕胎）
性别歧视
sex discrimination---the workplace, occupations, wages, education,
feminist movement---gender inequality still persist in problems of sexual violence…but insignificant
医疗健康问题
The bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies（基因治疗）, reproductive technologies, physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia（安乐死）
In the U.S. health care increasingly is provided on a for-profit basis by the health maintenance organizations, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies
教育问题
Relate to funding, teacher quality and the status of the teaching profession, student academic performance and standardized testing, racial imbalances and equal educational opportunity，teacher shortages, overcrowded and unsafe schools, and unequal access to educational technology
人口问题（人口过剩，人口迁移）
Overpopulation of an area can contribute to food shortages. Migrations between areas can lead to inter-group conflicts.
科技问题（媒体，科学技术）
Technological change associated with industrialization and modernization has created vast challenges as well as benefits. 技术带来了好处，同时也带来了挑战
挑战--- stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction（军备）, genetic engineering and biotechnology（基因）, robotics, and the globalization of electronic telecommunications（全球化）
Unemployment and the loss of personal privacy and control, from ethical dilemmas to social inequality, and from cultural lag to cultural colonialism（失业，个人隐私，伦理，社会不平等，文化落后，文化殖民）
GLOBAL WARMING-- an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate.影响--- The quality and quantity of drinking water, water availability for irrigation, industrial use, and electricity generation, and the health of fisheries
A estimated 50 cm rise in sea level by the year 2100, could inundate more than 5,000 square miles of dry land and an additional 4000 square miles of wetlands in the U.S海平面上升
臭氧洞 ozone hole--- absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
Love Canal, a small town in upstate New York near Niagara Falls, was destroyed by waste from chemical plants.----化学泄露 Bhopal chemical leak--- killed 2,500 people; another 50,000-100,000 people became ill---化学泄露
Chernobyl ---the reactor blew at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl，some 31 people were killed and nearly 300 people were treated for radiation poisoning.---核泄露
能源问题
One is that most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas,. These natural resources are not renewable目前的主要能源都是不能再生的 带来的问题（污染）
Combustion causes the release of various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, which pose health risks and may contribute to acid rain and global warming.
renewable energy from the sun , the wind, and wate可生资源、nuclear energy Human cloning人类克隆--- not morally and ethically right
Genetic engineering can be used to make many aspects of human life better reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances
cure diseases at the DNA level.
Worldwide famine and starvation could possibly end
人无完人nobody is utterly good or bad.
The Watergate scandal (1972–1974) (or just \"Watergate\") was an American political scandal and constitutional crisis that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon水门事件
Yet even a cursory review of the private lives of past Presidents reveals substantial evidence that Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson, many believe, fathered children by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illegitimate child.政治丑闻
隐私很重要，名人也要保护自己的隐私
Privacy, after all, is vital to our essence. It comes with our humanity that we are entitled to a region where we can freely think, speak, and behave with confidence that we are, for that instant, on our own.
道德的好处
values as a source of competitive advantage; values that underpin corporate reputation and reinforce risk management; values that are part of the intangible assets of the business
伦理和社会责任的关系
What ethical conduct and socially responsible behavior have in common is they both start from values and, when applied effectively, both enhance the company's reputation and so contribute to performance and shareholder value. 企业文化的重要性
Company leaders are responsible for reputation management. They need to be inspiring role models of values-based leadership.（leader要作为道德榜样） such leadership is more likely to result in employees giving the company their loyalty and superior performance. （让员工更加忠诚，以企业为荣）Employees want to feel proud of the company they work for as well as comfortable with its culture and values.
Increasingly, in knowledge based industries, the distinctive competitive factor will be the ability to attract and retain the most talented people. （企业文化也是吸引和留住人才的因素）There is a need to establish an organization culture (values, beliefs, behavior) which gives each employee the opportunity to obtain personal fulfillment.（让员工自我实现）
The requirement for CEOs therefore is to establish a corporate culture which encourages responsible behavior while releasing the creative potential of the workforce.
In every business, including small businesses, a focus on traditional ethical values will not only provide some stability and consistency, in the face of a world of accelerating change, but will also enable those businesses to command greater trust from their stakeholders and to become more successful. （好的企业文化能保证企业稳定，一致。更让人尊敬）
A business that doesn't invest in building trust will, over time, be rejected by the markets, by investors, by its customers and above all by its own people - its employees
五、 历史类
The importance of history in explaining and understanding change in human behavior is no mere abstraction.
History, then, provides the only extensive materials available to study the human condition. It also focuses attention on the complex processes of social change, including the factors that are causing change around us today.
History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding.---历史也有美感Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing—as well as of accuracy.
\"History teaching by example\" is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past—a study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.历史用来学习前人
下面的资料说明了历史的重要作用——预测未来。 Studying the Past
未来和历史总是相似的
In The Prince, 16th-century Italian philosopher Machiavelli wrote, ―Whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.‖ History, in other words, can tell us much about the future. The phrase ―the history of the future‖ sounds like an paradox, but there is much to learn from looking at past visions of the shape of things to come—not to be amused or to feel superior, but rather to understand the innately human impulse to imagine and dream about tomorrow. As reliable prophecies, these past visions are patently useless. As artifacts of culture and belief, however, they are guideposts to a better understanding of our own future.
Well before the considerable decline of beliefs in magic by the 18th century, however, human societies had also developed ways to think about the future in clearer relation to historical time. That is, they became aware that their societies had pasts, and they tried to relate those pasts to the future. Most of the forecasts we deal with today, such as those that inform military or business policy, actively use history because the forecasters assume a connection among past, present, and future events. As we will see, the types of connections on which predictions are based, as well as the success rate of those predictions, vary hugely. However, the need to assess predictions applies regardless.
预测模式：历史的时间和模式是会重复的；historical disruption；未来的发展与历史对称，跟随历史的趋势
Three major types of predictive modes, or history-to-future thinking, exist. The first mode to arise, and one that is still widely used today, is based on assumptions about the recurrence of historical events and patterns. Analysts who employ this predictive mode assume that certain types of past developments will happen again, and that by understanding history, they can better handle future recurrences. This thinking lies behind the familiar phrase, ―Those who do not know the past are condemned to repeat it.‖ The second predictive mode to develop, and by far the most dramatic, involves assumptions about a phenomenon called historical disruption. In this mode, prediction highlights the belief that some force is about to radically change the course of history, and therefore, the future. The third predictive mode, not necessarily the newest but certainly the one developed most systematically during the past century, involves looking to recent history for the trends that are likely to continue in the future. Although this is the most conservative approach to using history to predict the future, it is often the most accurate. However, each of these attempts to use history as a basis for predicting the future is inherently flawed. Therefore, they do not provide entirely accurate descriptions of the future. Perhaps this is why some people continue to prefer fortune-tellers and astrological charts to predictions based on historical events.
公共与隐私
The wall between public and private is an important one to maintain even if it means we will sometimes ignore personal traits or conduct that could well diminish our opinion of the overall person. We should maintain this wall not to protect public figures from the judgments that might naturally flow from their conduct but because we should prize and protect the idea of privacy. Privacy, after all, is vital to our essence. It comes with our humanity that we are entitled to a region where we can freely think, speak, and behave with confidence that we are, for that instant, on our own. This is not to deny the importance of norms of conduct in holding the community together. Norms are crucial. Community is crucial. The links we form to others are crucial. But so are spaces to be ourselves. Moreover, a life without privacy would be psychologically intolerable.
隐私受到保护
A constitutional right of privacy, drawn from the Bill of Rights provisions protecting the security of home and person, as well as freedom of association, was first recognized by the Supreme Court in 1965. In Griswold v. Connecticut the Court struck down a state law that prohibited the use of contraceptives by a married couple. The decision was later extended to protect the rights of single persons and, in the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973, the right of women to abort an unwanted pregnancy. In 1980, however, the Court refused to apply this ruling to require the federal government to bear the cost of abortions for women who could not afford them. Efforts to reverse Roe v. Wade judicially or by constitutional amendment were unsuccessful. A divided Supreme Court in 1992 reaffirmed the core holding of Roe while further limiting its scope.
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